This, the first edition of this well known atlas, contains, among other maps, an ethnographic map of North America, made in 1845. It is based, as is stated, upon material derived from Gallatin, Humboldt, Clavigero, Hervas, Vater, and others. So far as the eastern part of the United States is concerned it is largely a duplication of Gallatins map of 1836, while in the western region a certain amount of new material is incorporated.

1852. In the edition of 1852 the ethnographic map bears date of 1851.

Its eastern portion is substantially a copy of the earlier edition, but its western half is materially changed, chiefly in accordance with the knowledge supplied by Hall in 1848.

Map number 72 of the last edition of Berghaus by no means marks an advance upon the edition of 1852. Apparently the number of families is much reduced, but it is very difficult to interpret the meaning of the author, who has attempted on the same map to indicate linguistic divisions and tribal habitats with the result that confusion is made worse confounded.

1853. Gallatin (Albert).

Cla.s.sification of the Indian Languages; a letter inclosing a table of generic Indian Families of languages. In Information respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, by Henry E. Schoolcraft. Philadelphia, 1853, vol. 3.

This short paper by Gallatin consists of a letter addressed to W.

Medill, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, requesting his cooperation in an endeavor to obtain vocabularies to a.s.sist in a more complete study of the grammar and structure of the languages of the Indians of North America. It is accompanied by a Synopsis of Indian Tribes, giving the families and tribes so far as known. In the main the cla.s.sification is a repet.i.tion of that of 1848, but it differs from that in a number of particulars. Two of the families of 1848 do not appear in this paper, viz, Arapaho and Kinai. Queen Charlotte Island, employed as a family name in 1848, is placed under the Wakash family, while the Skittagete language, upon which the name Queen Charlotte Island was based in 1848, is here given as a family designation for the language spoken at Sitka, bet. 52 and 59 lat. The following families appear which are not contained in the list of 1848:

1. c.u.manches.

2. Gros Ventres.

3. Kaskaias.

4. Kiaways.

5. Natchitoches.

6. Pani, Towiacks.

7. Ugaljachmatzi.

1853. Gibbs (George).

Observations on some of the Indian dialects of northern California. In Information respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian tribes of the United States, by Henry E. Schoolcraft.

Philadelphia, 1853, vol. 3.

The Observations are introductory to a series of vocabularies collected in northern California, and treat of the method employed in collecting them and of the difficulties encountered. They also contain notes on the tribes speaking the several languages as well as on the area covered. There is comparatively little of a cla.s.sificatory nature, though in one instance the name Quoratem is proposed as a proper one for the family should it be held one.

1854. Latham (Robert Gordon).

On the languages of New California. In Proceedings of the Philological Society of London for 1852 and 1853. London, 1854, vol. 6.

Read before the Philological Society, May 13, 1853. A number of languages are examined in this paper for the purpose of determining the stocks to which they belong and the mutual affinities of the latter.

Among the languages mentioned are the Saintskla, Umkwa, Lutuami, Paduca, Athabascan, Dieguno, and a number of the Mission languages.

1855. Lane (William Carr).

Letter on affinities of dialects in New Mexico. In Information respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian tribes of the United States, by Henry R. Schoolcraft. Philadelphia, 1855, vol. 5.

The letter forms half a page of printed matter. The gist of the communication is in effect that the author has heard it said that the Indians of certain pueblos speak three different languages, which he has heard called, respectively, (1) Chu-cha-cas and Kes-whaw-hay; (2) E-nagh-magh; (3) Tay-waugh. This can hardly be called a cla.s.sification, though the arrangement of the pueblos indicated by Lane is quoted at length by Keane in the Appendix to Stanfords Compendium.

1856. Latham (Robert Gordon).

On the languages of Northern, Western, and Central America. In Transactions of the Philological Society of London, for 1856. London [1857?].

This paper was read before the Philological Society May 9, 1856, and is stated to be a supplement to two well known contributions to American philology by the late A. Gallatin.

So far as cla.s.sification of North American languages goes, this is perhaps the most important paper of Lathams, as in it a number of new names are proposed for linguistic groups, such as Copeh for the Sacramento River tribes, Ehnik for the Karok tribes, Mariposa Group and Mendocino Group for the Yokut and Pomo tribes respectively, Moquelumne for the Mutsun, Pujuni for the Meidoo, Weitspek for the Eurocs.

1856. Turner (William Wadden).

Report upon the Indian tribes, by Lieut. A. W. Whipple, Thomas Ewbank, esq., and Prof. William W. Turner, Washington, D.C., 1855. In Reports of Explorations and Surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. Washington, 1856, vol. 3. part 3.

Chapter V of the above report is headed Vocabularies of North American Languages, and is by Turner, as is stated in a foot-note. Though the t.i.tle page of Part III is dated 1855, the chapter by Turner was not issued till 1856, the date of the full volume, as is stated by Turner on page 84. The following are the vocabularies given, with their arrangement in families:

I. Delaware. } II. Shawnee. } Algonkin.

III. Choctaw.

IV. Kichai. } V. Huco. } p.a.w.nee?

VI. Caddo.

VII. Comanche. } VIII. Chemehuevi. } Shoshonee.

IX. Cahuillo. } X. Kioway.

XI. Navajo. } XII. Pinal Leo. } Apache.

XIII. Kiwomi. } XIV. Cochitemi. } Keres.

XV. Acoma. } XVI. Zui.

XVII. Pima.

XVIII. Cuchan. } XIX. Coco-Maricopa. } XX. Mojave. } Yuma.

XXI. Diegeno. }

Several of the family names, viz, Keres, Kiowa, Yuma, and Zui, have been adopted under the rules formulated above.

1858. Buschmann (Johann Carl Eduard).

Die Vlker und Sprachen Neu-Mexikos und der Westseite des britischen Nordamerikas, dargestellt von Hrn. Buschmann. In Abhandlungen (aus dem Jahre 1857) der kniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Berlin, 1858.

This work contains a historic review of early discoveries in New Mexico and of the tribes living therein, with such vocabularies as were available at the time. On pages 315-414 the tribes of British America, from about lat.i.tude 54 to 60, are similarly treated, the various discoveries being reviewed; also those on the North Pacific coast. Much of the material should have been inserted in the volume of 1859 (which was prepared in 1854), to which cross reference is frequently made, and to which it stands in the nature of a supplement.

1859. Buschmann (Johann Carl Eduard).

Die Spuren der aztekischen Sprache im nrdlichen Mexico und hheren amerikanischen Norden. Zugleich eine Musterung der Vlker und Sprachen des nrdlichen Mexicos und der Westseite Nordamerikas von Guadalaxara an bis zum Eismeer. In Abhandlungen aus dem Jahre 1854 der kniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Berlin, 1859.

The above, forming a second supplemental volume of the Transactions for 1854, is an extensive compilation of much previous literature treating of the Indian tribes from the Arctic Ocean southward to Guadalajara, and bears specially upon the Aztec language and its traces in the languages of the numerous tribes scattered along the Pacific Ocean and inland to the high plains. A large number of vocabularies and a vast amount of linguistic material are here brought together and arranged in a comprehensive manner to aid in the study attempted. In his cla.s.sification of the tribes east of the Rocky Mountains, Buschmann largely followed Gallatin. His treatment of those not included in Gallatins paper is in the main original. Many of the results obtained may have been considered bold at the time of publication, but recent philological investigations give evidence of the value of many of the authors conclusions.

1859. Kane (Paul).

Wanderings of an artist among the Indians of North America from Canada to Vancouvers Island and Oregon through the Hudsons Bay Companys territory and back again. London, 1859.

The interesting account of the authors travels among the Indians, chiefly in the Northwest, and of their habits, is followed by a four page supplement, giving the names, locations, and census of the tribes of the Northwest coast. They are cla.s.sified by language into Chymseyan, including the Na.s.s, Chymseyans, Skeena and Saba.s.sas Indians, of whom twenty-one tribes are given; Ha-eelb-zuk or Ballabola, including the Milbank Sound Indians, with nine tribes; Klen-ekate, including twenty tribes; Hai-dai, including the Kygargey and Queen Charlottes Island Indians, nineteen tribes being enumerated; and Qua-colth, with twenty-nine tribes. No statement of the origin of these tables is given, and they reappear, with no explanation, in Schoolcrafts Indian Tribes, volume V, pp. 487-489.

In his Queen Charlotte Islands, 1870, Dawson publishes the part of this table relating to the Haida, with the statement that he received it from Dr. W. F. Tolmie. The census was made in 1836-41 by the late Mr. John Work, who doubtless was the author of the more complete tables published by Kane and Schoolcraft.

1862. Latham (Robert Gordon).

Elements of comparative philology. London, 1862.

The object of this volume is, as the author states in his preface, to lay before the reader the chief facts and the chief trains of reasoning in Comparative Philology. Among the great ma.s.s of material acc.u.mulated for the purpose a share is devoted to the languages of North America.

The remarks under these are often taken verbatim from the authors earlier papers, to which reference has been made above, and the family names and cla.s.sification set forth in them are substantially repeated.

1862. Hayden (Ferdinand Vandeveer).