Finally, Will capitulated: Percy, LL LL, pp. 257-258.

The Wabash: GD-T Wabash: GD-T, April 26, 1927.

"breakdown": WAP to Gerstle Mack, May 15, 1927, PFP.

"We are urging": GD-T GD-T, April 26, 1927.

the first refugee death: Percy Bell to "Dear Folks," April 30, 1927, kindly supplied by Charles Greenleaf Bell.

Rumors spread that Taggart: Interview with David Cober, February 25, 1993; Oral history of Salvador Signa, December 1, 1976, MDAH.

Approximately 4,000 whites: Mississippi National Guard, Report of Relief Expedition Report of Relief Expedition, MDAH.

Paperboys delivered: Oral history of Reed Dunn, Mississippi Oral History Program, University of Southern Mississippi.

peddlers set up stands: Oral history of Frank Ciolino, August 22, 1978, MDAH.

Rowboats were ordered: Memphis Courier-Appeal Memphis Courier-Appeal, April 29, 1927.

people constantly played: Oral history of Theodore Pountain, MDAH.

a thriving black market: Oral history of Salvador Signa, MDAH.

"The town is": Percy Bell to "Dear Folks," April 30, 1927.

Roughly 5,000 blacks: Mississippi National Guard, Report of Flood Relief Expedition Report of Flood Relief Expedition, MDAH.

Up to 13,000: Memo of C. P. Doe to DeWitt Smith, January 6, 1928, RCP.

"Bye Bye Blackbird": Oral history of Ernest Waldauer, MDAH.

"groups of negroes": GD-T GD-T, April 28, 1927.

"all the negroes": Percy Bell to "Dear Folks," April 30, 1927.

The food blacks received: Interview with Frank Carlton, February 24, 1993; Oral history of Ernest Bueller, March 17, 1977, MDAH.

"It is our duty": MC-A MC-A, April 28, 1927.

"[I]n no case will": JC-L JC-L, April 30, 1927.

"Plantation owners": Undated memo of A. L. Shafer, t.i.tled "Return of Refugees," to national Red Cross representative in Mississippi, RCP.

"furnish a list": JC-L, Memphis Courier-Appeal JC-L, Memphis Courier-Appeal, May 18, 1927.

"I have seen nothing": "Statement to Shareholders," April 1, 1928, D&PLCP; Johnston to Hicks & Co., May 9, 1927, D&PLCP.

In an effort: Johnston to H. Lee, April 26, 1927, D&PLCP.

a special train: Johnston to H. Lee, May 2, 1927, D&PLCP.

"'Don't give 'em'": Oral history of Salvador Signa, MDAH.

"Here 440,000 acres": MC-A MC-A, May 12, 1927.

Unloading barges: Oral history of Ernest Waldauer, MDAH.

"Imperative to increase": Paxton to Green, April 27, 1927, quoted in JC-L JC-L, April 28, 1927.

"No able-bodied negro": GD-T GD-T, May 9, 1927.

all Red Cross work: In his autobiography Will justifies his position by claiming the Red Cross prohibited payment to recipients of its bounty. This was not the case. See Percy, LL LL, pp. 258-269.

"Me and Horace": Oral history of Salvador Signa, MDAH.

"They wasn't given": Oral history of John Johnston, MDAH.

"The Guard would": Oral history of Mrs. Henry Ransom, MDAH.

"The colored people": Oral history of Percy McRaney, MDAH.

"On the levee": Interview with Joe Thomas Reilly, December 16, 1992.

"just like dogs": Oral history of Addie Oliver, MDAH.

"caught": Mississippi National Guard, Report of Flood Relief Expedition Report of Flood Relief Expedition, MDAH.

Two particular companies: Interview with David Cober, February 25, 1993; interview with Lamar Britton, March 1, 1993; draft report of Colored Advisory Commission, June 4, 1927, HHPL; "Final Report," April 6, 1928, NA, RC, box 744.

"guilty of acts": WAP to Johnston, February 11, 1937, D&PLCP.

continued food shortages: GD-T GD-T, May 9, 1927.

"the Argonne": WAP to Gerstle Mack, May 15, 1927, PFP.

"To falter or fail": MC-A MC-A, May 12, 1927.

"rotten": GD-T GD-T, May 16, 1927.

"We will stand": Ibid.

"The negroes in town": GD-T GD-T, May 24, 1927; note, orders containing a misprint appeared on May 23.

employers were paying: See, for example, Oscar Johnston to V. E. Cartledge, June 30, 1927, D&PLCP.

"Refugees Herded": Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, May 6, 1927.

"Conscript Labor": Pittsburgh Courier Pittsburgh Courier, May 14, 1927.

"W. A. Percy...": Chicago Defender Chicago Defender, June 4, 1927.

CHAPTER T TWENTY-SIX.

77 percent of blacks: Henry Lee Moon, Balance of Power: The Negro Vote Balance of Power: The Negro Vote (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1948), pp. 48-50. (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1948), pp. 48-50.

94 percent support: Ibid.

the 1924 presidential election: Harold Gosnell, Negro Politicians Negro Politicians, pp. 28-30; see also Harold Gosnell, Champion Campaigner Champion Campaigner, p. 212; and Nancy Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln Farewell to the Party of Lincoln, pp. 11, 31.

black Republicans: See, for example, GOP National Committee-woman Mary Booze to John Overton, GOP State Committee, and Perry Howard, January 22, 1926, PFP.

Only in Memphis: Moon, p. 176.

"injustice": Barnett to Hoover, May 4, 1927, HHPL.

"being made to work": Anonymous letter to Coolidge, May 9, 1927, RCP, box 743.

"voice the protest": Capper to Hoover, May 10, 1927, HHPL.

"charges of race": Jane Addams to Hoover, May 16, 1927, quoted in wire from Lawrence Richey to George Akerson, May 18, 1927, HHPL.

"It is said": Sidney Redmond to Coolidge, April 30, 1927, Coolidge Papers, LC.

Even professional Red Cross: Ruth Thomas to Earl Kilpatrick, May 20, 1927, RCP, box 743.

"Chicago Defender": Wire from Fieser to Henry McClintock, May 14, 1927, RCP; see also William Baxter to Henry Baker, May 19, 1927, RCP, box 743.

"colored people": Hoover to Baker, May 13, 1927, HHPL.

"The American Red Cross": Baker to William Pickens, May 13, 1927, RCP, box 743.

"Never before": Mrs. L. M. Moore, Treasurer of Pine Bluff branch of NAACP, to NAACP Headquarters, May 18, 1927, NAACP Papers, LC.

"request [for] source": see Baker to McClintock, summary of responses, May 14, 1927, RCP, box 743.

"Charges that colored": See, for example, responses from N. R. Bancroft, Deeson, Mississippi, and Monticello, Arkansas (unsigned), to Baker, May 13, 1927, RCP, box 743.

"It is the desire": Monticello, Arkansas (unsigned), to Baker; Camp Commander, Yazoo City, to Baker, both May 13, 1927, RCP, box 743.

the NAACP began publicly: See, for example, wires from White to Bolton Smith and to John Clark, both on May 12, 1927; NAACP Papers, LC.

"I have managed": Irwin's letter was quoted in a telegram from Hoover's aide Lawrence Richey to George Akerson, June 9, 1927, HHPL.

northern papers ran articles: NYT NYT and and New York Herald Tribune New York Herald Tribune, May 28, 1927.

"With view to": Hoover to R. R. Moulton [Moton], May 24, 1927, HHPL; memoir written by Henry Baker, RCP, box 743; Hoover to Robert Bondy, May 21, 1927, HHPL.

"some of the most": Sidney Redmond to Attorney General John Sargent, July 5, 1927, U.S. Dept. of Justice records, peonage file, NA.

he failed to inform Redmond: Redmond to Hoover, January 5, 1928, HHPL.

"[A]fter the first": Hoover to Will Irwin, June 10, 1927, HHPL.

CHAPTER T TWENTY-SEVEN.

"By July 18": GD-T GD-T, May 25, 1927.

"Worry is not": Margaret Wells Wood, Social Hygiene Lecturer, to Valeria Park, M.D., "Special Report," July 10, 1927, RCP, box 740; see also "Social Hygiene and the Mississippi Flood Disaster," Journal of Social Hygiene Journal of Social Hygiene 13, no. 8, pp. 455-457. 13, no. 8, pp. 455-457.

"for the purpose": GD-T GD-T, May 31, 1927.

"We propose": Ibid.

"The guns are": Interview with Maurice Sisson, October 22, 1993; interview with John Jackson, March 9, 1993.

Levye Chapple: Interview with Chapple's granddaughter, Katherine Bradbury Thompson, March 9, 1993.

"We are citizens": Draft report of Colored Advisory Committee, June 1927, RCP, box 744; interview with Maurice Sisson, October 22, 1993; interview with John Wiley, October 22, 1993.

Chapple, McMiller, and others: GD-T GD-T, June 1, 1927; interview with John Wiley, October 22, 1993; interview with Maurice Sisson, October 22, 1993; interview with John Jackson, March 9, 1993; draft report of Colored Advisory Committee, June 1927, RCP, box 744; interview with Mildred Commodore, McMiller's daughter, August 3, 1995.

The question was: Interview with John Wiley, October 22, 1993; interview with Maurice Sisson, October 22, 1993; interview with John Jackson, March 9, 1993; draft report of Colored Advisory Committee, June 1927, RCP, box 744.

"I don't mind": LP to J. B. Ray, December 28, 1906, PFP; see also Willis, "On the New South Frontier," pp. 147-149.

Emanuel Smith: Interview with John Wiley, October 22, 1993; interview with Maurice Sisson, October 22, 1993.

J. D. Fowler: Ibid.

"500 Colored Men Wanted": Draft report of Colored Advisory Committee, June 1927, RC, box 744.

"I kept my": Interview with Mildred Commodore.

On the eighth day: JC-L JC-L, June 17, 1927.

"our colored citizens": City Council minutes of June 7, 1927.