The past participle is used to form the _Perfect Infinitives_; as, _to have gone, to have seen, to have been seen_.

54. The following is a list of the princ.i.p.al parts of the most important irregular verbs. The list should be mastered thoroughly.

The student should bear in mind always that, THE PAST TENSE FORM SHOULD NEVER BE USED WITH AN AUXILIARY, and that THE PAST PARTICIPLE FORM SHOULD NEVER BE USED AS A PREDICATE VERB WITHOUT AN AUXILIARY.

In some instances verbs have been included in the list below which are always regular in their forms, or which have both regular and irregular forms. These are verbs for whose princ.i.p.al parts incorrect forms are often used.

PRINc.i.p.aL PARTS OF VERBS

_Name-form Past Tense Past Participle_ awake awoke or awaked awaked begin began begun beseech besought besought bid (to order or to greet) bade bidden or bid bid (at auction) bid bidden or bid blow blew blown break broke broken burst burst burst choose chose chosen chide chid chidden or chid come came come deal dealt dealt dive dived dived

_Name-form Past Tense Past Participle_ do did done draw drew drawn drink drank drunk or drank drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen flee fled fled fly flew flown forsake forsook forsaken forget forgot forgot or forgotten freeze froze frozen get got got (gotten) give gave given go went gone hang (clothes) hung hung hang (a man) hanged hanged know knew known lay laid laid lie lay lain mean meant meant plead pleaded pleaded prove proved proved ride rode ridden raise raised raised rise rose risen run ran run see saw seen seek sought sought set set set shake shook shaken shed shed shed shoe shod shod sing sang sung sit sat sat slay slew slain sink sank sunk speak spoke spoken

_Name-form Past Tense Past Participle_ steal stole stolen swim swam swum take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn throw threw thrown tread trod trod or trodden wake woke or waked woke or waked wear wore worn weave wove woven write wrote written

NOTES.--_Ought_ has no past participle. It may then never be used with an auxiliary. _I had ought to go_ is incorrect. The idea would be amply expressed by _I ought to go_.

MODEL CONJUGATIONS of the verbs _to be_ and _to see_ in all forms are given under --77 at the end of this chapter.

EXERCISE 29

_In the following sentences change the italicized verb so as to use the past tense, and then so as to use the past participle:_

Example: (Original sentence), _The guests begin to go home._ (Changed to past tense), _The guests began to go home._ (Changed to past participle), _The guests have begun to go home._

1. Our books _lie_ on the mantel.

2. John _comes_ in and _lays_ his books on the desk.

3. I _see_ the parade.

4. He _runs_ up the road.

5. They _set_ their chairs in a row.

6. The noise _wakes_ me.

7. Caesar _bids_ him enter.

8. If they _prove_ their innocence, they should be discharged.

9. His friends _plead_ strongly for him.

10. Do you know what they _mean_ by that?

11. I _awake_ early every morning.

12. He _begins_ to think of strange things.

13. The children _beseech_ me to go with them.

14. My mother _bids_ me to say that she will be here at six.

15. Smith _bids_ fifty dollars for the chair.

16. My servants _break_ many dishes.

17. They _choose_ their a.s.sociates.

18. The box _bursts_ open.

19. His mother _chides_ him for his misbehavior.

20. He _comes_ here every day.

21. I _deal_ there this week.

22. The boys _dive_ beautifully.

23. You _do_ so much more than is necessary.

24. They _draw_ lots for the watch.

25. Jones _drinks_ this wine very seldom.

26. They _drive_ over to Milton once a week.

27. They _drive_ a sorrel horse.

28. The cows _eat_ gra.s.s.

29. The Gauls _flee_ before Caesar.

30. The swallows all _fly_ into the chimney at evening.

31. They _forsake_ the cause without any reason.

32. Caesar _gives_ them no answer.

33. They _get_ no money for their services.

34. You _forget_ that we have no right to do that.

35. Water _freezes_ at thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.

36. The ball _goes_ to the opposing team.

37. You _hang_ the rope on the tree.

38. The sheriff _hangs_ the murderer at noon.

39. I _know_ of nothing more worrying.

40. She _lays_ the knife on the table.

41. They _lie_ in bed until eleven.

42. Why they _rise_ so late, I do not know.

43. They _raise_ no objection.

44. John _runs_ very rapidly.

45. You _sit_ very quietly.

46. Caesar _seeks_ to learn the intention of the enemy.

47. The politician vigorously _shakes_ all hands.

48. The roof _sheds_ water in all storms.

49. The blacksmith _shoes_ horses.

50. The choir _sings_ for each service.

51. You _speak_ too rapidly to be easily understood.

52. Few men _steal_ because they want to.

53. I _swim_ one hundred yards very readily.

54. They _teach_ all the elementary branches there.

55. You _take_ all subscriptions for the concert.

56. Those clothes _tear_ readily.

57. They _tread_ the grapes in making wine.

58. Who _throws_ paper on the floor?

59. I always _wear_ old clothes in which to work.

60. She _writes_ to her mother daily.

61. They _weave_ the best rugs in Philadelphia.

EXERCISE 30

_Write original sentences containing the following verbs, correctly used:_

Begun, blew, bidden, bad, chose, broke, come, dealt, dived, drew, driven, flew, forsook, froze, given, give, gave, went, hanged, knew, rode, pleaded, ran, seen, saw, shook, shod, sung, slew, spoke, swum, taken, torn, wore, threw, woven, wrote, written.

EXERCISE 31

_Insert the proper form of the verb in the following sentences.

The verb to be used is in black-faced type at the beginning of each group:_

1. BEGIN. He ---- to act at once. The reports ---- to disturb him a little. He has ---- to feel hurt over them.