In Baltimore, the Congress for Racial Equality: USNWR, July 25, 1966; Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor, USNWR, July 25, 1966; Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor, American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley: His Battle for Chicago and the Nation American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley: His Battle for Chicago and the Nation (Boston: Little, Brown, 2000), 380; LAT, July 3 and 5, 1966; "CORE Will Insist on Black Power," NYT, July 5, 1966. (Boston: Little, Brown, 2000), 380; LAT, July 3 and 5, 1966; "CORE Will Insist on Black Power," NYT, July 5, 1966. The next week the worst prison: The next week the worst prison: "1,000 Prison Inmates Riot in Baltimore," LAT, July 9, 1966. "1,000 Prison Inmates Riot in Baltimore," LAT, July 9, 1966. The NAACP met: The NAACP met: "NAACP President Condemns Moves for 'Black Power,'" LAT, July 6, 1966. "NAACP President Condemns Moves for 'Black Power,'" LAT, July 6, 1966.

The New York Times New York Times had predicted: had predicted: "Brown and Reagan Both Seek Votes from the Other's Party," NYT, July 3, 1966. "Brown and Reagan Both Seek Votes from the Other's Party," NYT, July 3, 1966. A thousand antiwar picketers: A thousand antiwar picketers: Bill Boyarsky, Bill Boyarsky, The Rise of Ronald Reagan The Rise of Ronald Reagan (New York: Random House, 1968), 125. (New York: Random House, 1968), 125.

Nebraska's Democratic governor: USNWR, July 18, 1966. USNWR, July 18, 1966. Then he toured Omaha's: Then he toured Omaha's: "Gov. Morrison of Nebraska Flies to Omaha from Coast Parley to Seek to Stem Racial Unrest," July 6, 1966. "Gov. Morrison of Nebraska Flies to Omaha from Coast Parley to Seek to Stem Racial Unrest," July 6, 1966.

RFK and LBJ poll numbers: "Johnson, Kennedy Preferred over Three GOP Candidates," LAT, July 7, 1966.

"Mr. President, regarding racial": PPP 320, July 5, 1966. PPP 320, July 5, 1966.

"When we view the ma.s.ses": "Black Power Prophet; Stokely Carmichael," NYT, August 5, 1966. n.i.g.g.e.rhead Mountain: "Vermont Mountain to Retain Its Name," NYT, July 6, 1966. "Black Power Prophet; Stokely Carmichael," NYT, August 5, 1966. n.i.g.g.e.rhead Mountain: "Vermont Mountain to Retain Its Name," NYT, July 6, 1966.

"Shots from one or two cars": "Two Sacramento Negroes Shot Dead," July 6, 1966. "Two Sacramento Negroes Shot Dead," July 6, 1966. Page one was monopolized: Page one was monopolized: "Antiriot Bill; a.s.sembly Approves Measure," LAT, July 6, 1966; see also "Antiriot Bill; a.s.sembly Approves Measure," LAT, July 6, 1966; see also L.A. Sentinel, L.A. Sentinel, June 30, 1966, in which Mayor Yorty warns of "urban guerilla warfare this summer." June 30, 1966, in which Mayor Yorty warns of "urban guerilla warfare this summer."

The Fort Hood Three were abducted: Lembcke, Lembcke, Spitting Image, Spitting Image, 35. 35. U.S combat deaths: U.S combat deaths: "U.S. Combat Deaths in Vietnam Hit 4,129," LAT, July 8, 1966. "U.S. Combat Deaths in Vietnam Hit 4,129," LAT, July 8, 1966. "We're going to have to take": "We're going to have to take": Robert Dallek, Robert Dallek, Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 19611973 Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 19611973 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 312. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 312.

So married black couples: Cohen and Taylor, Cohen and Taylor, American Pharaoh, American Pharaoh, 392. 392.

For history of race and Chicago housing see Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 19401960 Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 19401960 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), and Dominic A. Pacyga, ed., (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), and Dominic A. Pacyga, ed., The Chicago Bungalow The Chicago Bungalow (Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2003). (Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2003).

Letters to Paul Douglas: From James F. Nelson, June 16, 1966, and G. Dapuhnais, June 1966, in PDP722.

On July 10, Martin Luther King: Allen J. Matusow, Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York: HarperCollins, 1984), 203; Cohen and Taylor, (New York: HarperCollins, 1984), 203; Cohen and Taylor, American Pharaoh, American Pharaoh, 382; Roger Biles, 382; Roger Biles, Richard J. Daley: Politics, Race, and the Governing of Chicago Richard J. Daley: Politics, Race, and the Governing of Chicago (De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1995), 123. (De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1995), 123. "They have no programs": "They have no programs": Mike Royko, Mike Royko, Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago (New York: New American Library, 1971), 153. (New York: New American Library, 1971), 153.

Chicago riot generally: Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America (New York: Vintage, 1992), 238; "City Takes Steps to Avert Rioting," NYT, July 15, 1966; USNWR, July 25, 1966; Cohen and Taylor, (New York: Vintage, 1992), 238; "City Takes Steps to Avert Rioting," NYT, July 15, 1966; USNWR, July 25, 1966; Cohen and Taylor, American Pharaoh, American Pharaoh, 387; Garrow, 387; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, Bearing the Cross, 493 (for Mahalia Jackson story). 493 (for Mahalia Jackson story).

"Youths crashed through": "900 Policemen Sent into Trouble Area of Chicago," WP, July 14, 1966. "900 Policemen Sent into Trouble Area of Chicago," WP, July 14, 1966. "Hundreds of persons were hurling": Washington Star, "Hundreds of persons were hurling": Washington Star, July 15, 1966. July 15, 1966. "A policeman, Donald Ingraham": "A policeman, Donald Ingraham": "Chicago Negro Snipers, Police Trade Gunfire," WP, July 15, 1966. "Chicago Negro Snipers, Police Trade Gunfire," WP, July 15, 1966.

The Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune connected: connected: "Murder in Multiple," WP, July 15, 1966. "Murder in Multiple," WP, July 15, 1966. "Last night there was a show": "Last night there was a show": M. R. Rosen to Douglas, PDP722. M. R. Rosen to Douglas, PDP722.

"I think you can't charge it": Royko, Royko, Boss, Boss, 153. 153.

There were smaller riots: USNWR, July 25, 1966. USNWR, July 25, 1966. Its chairman, Howard: Its chairman, Howard: USNWR, August 8, 1966; USNWR, August 8, 1966; Congressional Record Congressional Record 112, pt. 13, 16,834 and 16,837. 112, pt. 13, 16,834 and 16,837.

He also charged to his feet: Ibid. Ibid.

On July 18 Evans and Novak: "Inside Report: Watts in Cement," WP, July 18, 1966. "Inside Report: Watts in Cement," WP, July 18, 1966.

That night, in Cleveland: Walter Johnson, "The Night They Burned Old Hough," Cleveland Neighborhoods on the Web, http://www.nhlink.net/ClevelandNeighborhoods/hough/Eyewitness2.htm. Walter Johnson, "The Night They Burned Old Hough," Cleveland Neighborhoods on the Web, http://www.nhlink.net/ClevelandNeighborhoods/hough/Eyewitness2.htm. In Jacksonville, after a demonstration: In Jacksonville, after a demonstration: "Riots Flare in 3 Cities, One Dead in Cleveland," "Riots Flare in 3 Cities, One Dead in Cleveland," Washington Star, Washington Star, July 19, 1966. Humphrey speech: James L. Sunquist, July 19, 1966. Humphrey speech: James L. Sunquist, Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years (Washington, DC: Brookings Inst.i.tution Press, 1968), 285. (Washington, DC: Brookings Inst.i.tution Press, 1968), 285. The next day, a thousand members: The next day, a thousand members: "1000 Ohio Guardsmen Ordered to Cleveland," WP, July 20, 1966. "1000 Ohio Guardsmen Ordered to Cleveland," WP, July 20, 1966. two thousand more Illinois Guardsmen: two thousand more Illinois Guardsmen: Cohen and Taylor, Cohen and Taylor, American Pharaoh, American Pharaoh, 391. 391. "It really is almost impossible": "It really is almost impossible": United States Congress, United States Congress, Civil Rights: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Judiciary, United States Senate, Second Session, on S. 329 Civil Rights: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Judiciary, United States Senate, Second Session, on S. 329 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966), July 19 testimony. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966), July 19 testimony.

The next day a roller-skating: "Negro Boy, 11, Shot to Death in Brooklyn," CT, July 22, 1966. "Negro Boy, 11, Shot to Death in Brooklyn," CT, July 22, 1966. Mayor Lindsay traveled to East New York: Mayor Lindsay traveled to East New York: USNWR, August 1, 1966; Jacoby, USNWR, August 1, 1966; Jacoby, Someone Else's House, Someone Else's House, 96; Vincent J. Cannato, 96; Vincent J. Cannato, The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and the Battle to Save New York The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and the Battle to Save New York (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 12025. (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 12025.

At the Sherman House Hotel: Chicago's American, July 22, 1966. July 22, 1966. In an ornate reception room: In an ornate reception room: Cannato, Cannato, Ungovernable City, Ungovernable City, 12425. 12425. A nightclub in the Bohemian: Chicago's American, A nightclub in the Bohemian: Chicago's American, July 23, 1966. July 23, 1966. In Cleveland, white vigilantes: In Cleveland, white vigilantes: "Rioting in Cleveland Follows Watts Script," LAT, July 31, 1966. "Rioting in Cleveland Follows Watts Script," LAT, July 31, 1966.

Miranda v. State of Arizona dissents: Patterson, dissents: Patterson, Grand Expectations, Grand Expectations, 631. Truman Capote testimony: 631. Truman Capote testimony: Chicago Sun-Times, Chicago Sun-Times, July 22, 1966. July 22, 1966. "I was distressed a few days ago": "I was distressed a few days ago": USNWR, August 8, 1966. USNWR, August 8, 1966.

"The housing program is too small": "A Time for Candor," WSJ, July 27, 1966. "A Time for Candor," WSJ, July 27, 1966.

A Cuyahoga County grand jury: USNWR, August 22, 1966. North Amityville mob: "Police Attacked in Suburban L.I.," NYT, July 29, 1966. USNWR, August 22, 1966. North Amityville mob: "Police Attacked in Suburban L.I.," NYT, July 29, 1966.

"They didn't need any Communists": "Cleveland Study of Riot Deplored," NYT, August 11, 1966. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights hearings: United States Commission on Civil Rights, "Cleveland Study of Riot Deplored," NYT, August 11, 1966. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights hearings: United States Commission on Civil Rights, Hearings Before the United States Commission on Civil Rights: Hearing Held in Cleveland, Ohio, April 17, 1966 Hearings Before the United States Commission on Civil Rights: Hearing Held in Cleveland, Ohio, April 17, 1966 (Washington, DC: The Commission, 1966). (Washington, DC: The Commission, 1966).

Frank LauscheStephen Young debate: Congressional Record Congressional Record 112, pt. 13, 17,41011. 112, pt. 13, 17,41011.

Senator Lausche keynoted: "Racial Riots Planned, Lausche Says; Fears Harm to Negro Rights Movement," CT, July 28, 1966. "Racial Riots Planned, Lausche Says; Fears Harm to Negro Rights Movement," CT, July 28, 1966.

"We've reached a point": USNWR, August 15, 1966. U.S. News USNWR, August 15, 1966. U.S. News set their readers: set their readers: USNWR, August 22, 1966. USNWR, August 22, 1966.

A chaplain of the Maryland: Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Const.i.tutional Rights, Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Const.i.tutional Rights, Civil Rights: Hearings Before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-ninth Congress, Second Session, on S. 3296, Civil Rights: Hearings Before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-ninth Congress, Second Session, on S. 3296, July 20 testimony. July 20 testimony. He begged Senate Appropriations chair: He begged Senate Appropriations chair: "Inside Report: LBJ and the Cities," WP, August 10, 1966. "Inside Report: LBJ and the Cities," WP, August 10, 1966.

"Ronald Reagan, Extremist Collaborator": Totton J. Anderson and Eugene C. Lee, "The 1966 Election in California," Totton J. Anderson and Eugene C. Lee, "The 1966 Election in California," Western Political Quarterly Western Political Quarterly 20 (June 1967); Joseph Lewis, 20 (June 1967); Joseph Lewis, What Makes Reagan Run?: A Political Profile What Makes Reagan Run?: A Political Profile (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968), 129. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968), 129. Reagan had long ago: Reagan had long ago: See, for example, "Reagan Enters Gubernatorial Race in California," NYT, January 5, 1966. See, for example, "Reagan Enters Gubernatorial Race in California," NYT, January 5, 1966. "The Bircher isn't identifiable": "The Bircher isn't identifiable": Lewis, Lewis, What Makes Reagan Run?, What Makes Reagan Run?, 132. 132.

Brown opened his general-election: Boyarsky, Boyarsky, Rise of Ronald Reagan, Rise of Ronald Reagan, 124; "Brown Tells Goals as He Opens Drive," LAT, September 6, 1966. 124; "Brown Tells Goals as He Opens Drive," LAT, September 6, 1966. "In Paris they no longer": "In Paris they no longer": "Reagan Wooing the Farm Voters," NYT, September 16, 1966. "Reagan Wooing the Farm Voters," NYT, September 16, 1966.

Brown spoke at the Los Angeles: "Inside Report: The Anti-Welfare State," WP, September 22, 1966. "Inside Report: The Anti-Welfare State," WP, September 22, 1966.

"Working men and women": Boyarsky, Boyarsky, Rise of Ronald Reagan, Rise of Ronald Reagan, 139. 139. If California's welfare system: If California's welfare system: James Q. Wilson, "A Guide to Reagan Country: The Political Culture of Southern California," James Q. Wilson, "A Guide to Reagan Country: The Political Culture of Southern California," Commentary, Commentary, May 1967. May 1967. Women told him they: Women told him they: "Atlantic Report: California," "Atlantic Report: California," Atlantic Monthly, Atlantic Monthly, August 1966. August 1966. He remembered, too: He remembered, too: Ibid. Ibid. "The $5 you saved": "The $5 you saved": "Reagan Handles His Role as a Political Amateur like an Old Pro," NYT, October 2, 1966. "Reagan Handles His Role as a Political Amateur like an Old Pro," NYT, October 2, 1966. The The Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times did an investigation: did an investigation: "Realism Needed in Welfare Criticism," LAT, March 7, 1966. "Realism Needed in Welfare Criticism," LAT, March 7, 1966.

In the agricultural San Joaquin: "Reagan Wooing the Farm Voters," NYT. "Reagan Wooing the Farm Voters," NYT.

"Able-bodied men": "Inside Report: The Anti-Welfare State," WP. "Inside Report: The Anti-Welfare State," WP.

The a.s.sociated Press was reporting: "GOP Leaders Give Nixon an Edge for 1968," NYT, September 16, 1966. "GOP Leaders Give Nixon an Edge for 1968," NYT, September 16, 1966.

Richard Nixon pa.s.sed through Los Angeles: "Nixon Sees Big G.O.P. Victory," LAT, June 24, 1966. "Nixon Sees Big G.O.P. Victory," LAT, June 24, 1966. Then came the more important: Then came the more important: Stephen Ambrose, Stephen Ambrose, Nixon, Vol. 2: The Triumph of a Politician, 19621972 Nixon, Vol. 2: The Triumph of a Politician, 19621972 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), 83; Maurice Stans, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), 83; Maurice Stans, The Terrors of Justice: The Untold Side of Watergate The Terrors of Justice: The Untold Side of Watergate (Washington: Bra.s.sey's, 1995), 130. (Washington: Bra.s.sey's, 1995), 130. The airplane problem had been: The airplane problem had been: Ibid. Ibid.

The Baltimore Sun Baltimore Sun's Jules Witcover: Reporter, August 11, 1966. Detroit: Ibid., 13438. August 11, 1966. Detroit: Ibid., 13438. "this man never seemed": "this man never seemed": Jules Witcover, Jules Witcover, The Resurrection of Richard Nixon The Resurrection of Richard Nixon (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1970), 132. (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1970), 132.

Perhaps Pat thought of the time: Brodie, Brodie, Richard Nixon, Richard Nixon, 420. 420.

"Happy birthday, Mum": Mark Shields column, June 15, 2002. Mark Shields column, June 15, 2002.

Don Riegle: Witcover, Resurrection of Richard Nixon, Resurrection of Richard Nixon, 14142. 14142.

Tulsa: Ibid., 14344; USNWR, October 3, 1966.

Atlantic Monthly called Vietnam: Atlantic Monthly, called Vietnam: Atlantic Monthly, September 1966. September 1966. Polls showed 38 percent: Polls showed 38 percent: CWA poll, PDP, Box 1116/Misc Correspondence. CWA poll, PDP, Box 1116/Misc Correspondence. For months, he'd said: For months, he'd said: "Nixon Says 'Appeas.e.m.e.nt Line' Will Be G.O.P. Target in Vote," NYT, January 31, 1966; "Nixon Says G.O.P. Has Good Chance of Winning in '68," NYT, May 27, 1966. "Nixon Says 'Appeas.e.m.e.nt Line' Will Be G.O.P. Target in Vote," NYT, January 31, 1966; "Nixon Says G.O.P. Has Good Chance of Winning in '68," NYT, May 27, 1966. By late June, however: By late June, however: "Nixon Sees Big G.O.P. Issue," LAT, June 24, 1966. "Nixon Sees Big G.O.P. Issue," LAT, June 24, 1966.

In Chicago, on July 29: David Garrow, David Garrow, Chicago 1966: Open Housing Marches, Summit Negotiations, and Operation Breadbasket Chicago 1966: Open Housing Marches, Summit Negotiations, and Operation Breadbasket (Brooklyn: Carlson, 1989); Cohen and Taylor, (Brooklyn: Carlson, 1989); Cohen and Taylor, American Pharaoh, American Pharaoh, 392; interview with Don Rose. 392; interview with Don Rose.

Senator Paul Douglas received: PDP722. PDP722.

Five hundred marchers: Lemann, Lemann, Promised Land, Promised Land, 238; Cohen and Taylor, 238; Cohen and Taylor, American Pharaoh, American Pharaoh, 39394. 39394.

A neighborhood newspaper: Southwest News-Herald, August 4, 1966, PDP722. August 4, 1966, PDP722.

On Tuesday, Pat, Julie: "Chanel and Cardin Share Spotlight in Paris," NYT, July 30, 1966. "Chanel and Cardin Share Spotlight in Paris," NYT, July 30, 1966. A news brief noted: A news brief noted: "Nixon to See Pope Today," NYT, August 1, 1966. "Nixon to See Pope Today," NYT, August 1, 1966. "Former Vice President Nixon met": "Former Vice President Nixon met": "Nixon Sees Pakistani Chief," NYT, August 4, 1966. Daley meeting with Bungalow Belt leaders: Royko, "Nixon Sees Pakistani Chief," NYT, August 4, 1966. Daley meeting with Bungalow Belt leaders: Royko, Boss, Boss, 155; Cohen and Taylor, 155; Cohen and Taylor, American Pharaoh, American Pharaoh, 39394. 39394.

August 5. Six hundred: Ibid., 39596; Lemann, Ibid., 39596; Lemann, Promised Land, Promised Land, 238. 238.

White neighborhood kids started battling police: Clipping from Clipping from Chicago's American, Chicago's American, August 6, 1966, in PDP722. August 6, 1966, in PDP722. an inattentive newspaper reader: an inattentive newspaper reader: letter from 7136 S. Francisco, August 8, 1966, PDP722. letter from 7136 S. Francisco, August 8, 1966, PDP722.

"There must be some way": Royko, Royko, Boss, Boss, 157. 157.

"Don't vote for Democrats!": Ibid.; Biles, Richard J. Daley, Richard J. Daley, 128. 128.

Richard Nixon was in Saigon: "Nixon, in Saigon, Bids U.S. Bare Goals," NYT, August 6, 1966. "Nixon, in Saigon, Bids U.S. Bare Goals," NYT, August 6, 1966. "If Mob Rule Takes Hold": "If Mob Rule Takes Hold": USNWR, August 15, 1966. USNWR, August 15, 1966.

Mathias compromise: "Congress May Ease Housing Bias Curb to Pa.s.s Rights Bill," NYT, June 9, 1966. Dan Rostenkowski, one of the: Dan Rostenkowski, one of the: Jake to LBJ, August 10, 1966, 8 p.m., LBJCR, Reel 3. Jake to LBJ, August 10, 1966, 8 p.m., LBJCR, Reel 3. His Bungalow Belt colleague: His Bungalow Belt colleague: USNWR, August 22, 1966. USNWR, August 22, 1966.

special interests such as the real estate: "Realtors' Lobby Calls for Fight on Open Housing," NYT, July 29, 1966. "Realtors' Lobby Calls for Fight on Open Housing," NYT, July 29, 1966. "ma.s.s brainwashing" just like "in n.a.z.i": "ma.s.s brainwashing" just like "in n.a.z.i": United States Congress, United States Congress, Civil Rights, 1966: Hearings Before Subcommittee No. 5, Eighty-ninth Congress, Second Session Civil Rights, 1966: Hearings Before Subcommittee No. 5, Eighty-ninth Congress, Second Session (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966), statement from W. B. Hicks, May 24 testimony. (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966), statement from W. B. Hicks, May 24 testimony. "when a colored boy rapes": "when a colored boy rapes": Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Const.i.tutional Rights, Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Const.i.tutional Rights, Civil Rights: Hearings Before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-ninth Congress, Second Session, on S. 3296, Civil Rights: Hearings Before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-ninth Congress, Second Session, on S. 3296, June 9 testimony. June 9 testimony. "Social Security widow in my district": "Social Security widow in my district": House, House, Civil Rights, 1966, Civil Rights, 1966, May 10 testimony. May 10 testimony.

"It is strange, although": "The Wages of Hatred," WSJ, July 18, 1966. "The Wages of Hatred," WSJ, July 18, 1966. Sam Ervin reported: Sam Ervin reported: Senate, Senate, Hearings Before a Subcommittee, Hearings Before a Subcommittee, July 13 testimony. July 13 testimony.

On July 25: Congressional Records 112, pt. 13, July 25 House proceedings. 112, pt. 13, July 25 House proceedings.

When the Mathias Amendment: "Exemption of 60% in Open Housing Voting by House," NYT, August 4, 1966. "Exemption of 60% in Open Housing Voting by House," NYT, August 4, 1966. The bill was sent to the Senate: The bill was sent to the Senate: "Civil Rights Bill Pa.s.sed by House in Vote of 259157," NYT, August 10, 1966. Detroit, Lansing violence: USNWR, August 22, 1966. "Civil Rights Bill Pa.s.sed by House in Vote of 259157," NYT, August 10, 1966. Detroit, Lansing violence: USNWR, August 22, 1966. In Cleveland, the grand jury: In Cleveland, the grand jury: "Cleveland Riots Linked to Reds," NYT, August 10, 1966. "Cleveland Riots Linked to Reds," NYT, August 10, 1966. in Grenada, Mississippi: in Grenada, Mississippi: "White Mob Routs Grenada Negroes," NYT, August 10, 1966. "White Mob Routs Grenada Negroes," NYT, August 10, 1966. In Philadelphia that week: In Philadelphia that week: USNWR, August 15. USNWR, August 15.

And in the Senate: "Civil Rights Bill Will Pa.s.s: Dirksen; Open Housing Clause May Be Missing," CT, August 8, 1966. "Civil Rights Bill Will Pa.s.s: Dirksen; Open Housing Clause May Be Missing," CT, August 8, 1966.

Even Paul Douglas started: Speech in PDP, Box 1108, "Civil Rights Protection Act 1966" folder. Speech in PDP, Box 1108, "Civil Rights Protection Act 1966" folder. The previous year, Martin Luther King: The previous year, Martin Luther King: PDP, Box 1007, "Proposed Brochure-Civil Rights." PDP, Box 1007, "Proposed Brochure-Civil Rights."

"It is my firm belief": From 4476 S. Mozart, August 9, 1966, PDP722. From 4476 S. Mozart, August 9, 1966, PDP722.

"Is the ultimate aim": From Rudolph R. Kostelny, August 5, 1966, PDP722. From Rudolph R. Kostelny, August 5, 1966, PDP722.

"If our present leaders": From Mrs. E. C. Zeltmann, August 5, 1966, PDP722. From Mrs. E. C. Zeltmann, August 5, 1966, PDP722.

"IT IS TIME TO CHANGE": From 7134 S. Avers, August 5, 1966, PDP722. From 7134 S. Avers, August 5, 1966, PDP722.

In Chicago, movement Turks: Cohen and Taylor, Cohen and Taylor, American Pharaoh, American Pharaoh, 397. 397. This very summer: This very summer: Ibid., 398. Ibid., 398. Another King deputy: Another King deputy: Ibid., 414. Ibid., 414.

An August 17 meeting: Ibid., 40112; Biles, Ibid., 40112; Biles, Mayor Richard J. Daley, Mayor Richard J. Daley, 130; Royko, 130; Royko, Boss, Boss, 157. 157. Daley presented his doughy mug: Daley presented his doughy mug: Cohen and Taylor, Cohen and Taylor, American Pharaoh, American Pharaoh, 414. 414. "We believe sir, that unless": "We believe sir, that unless": From Edward J. Pasciak family, PDP722. From Edward J. Pasciak family, PDP722. The Cook County sheriff: The Cook County sheriff: Cohen and Taylor, Cohen and Taylor, American Pharaoh, American Pharaoh, 416. 416.

The Klan received a permit: Ibid. Ibid. He went to the Palmer House: He went to the Palmer House: Royko, Royko, Boss, Boss, 158. 158.

"When greedy Mr. Hitler": From Jeannine L. Bartell, August 31, 1966, PDP722. From Jeannine L. Bartell, August 31, 1966, PDP722.

"When you talk of Black Power": USNWR, August 22, 1966. USNWR, August 22, 1966. "In Cleveland, they're building": "In Cleveland, they're building": USNWR, September 12, 1966 (quoting a.s.sociated Press reports). USNWR, September 12, 1966 (quoting a.s.sociated Press reports). Senator Abraham Ribicoff opened: Senator Abraham Ribicoff opened: "Urban 'Crisis' Will Be Studied at Hearings Called by Ribicoff," LAT, August 2, 1966; Frederick G. Dutton, "Urban 'Crisis' Will Be Studied at Hearings Called by Ribicoff," LAT, August 2, 1966; Frederick G. Dutton, Changing Sources of Power: American Politics in the 1970s Changing Sources of Power: American Politics in the 1970s (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), 128. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), 128. "Katzenbach Warns Senate 30 or 40": "Katzenbach Warns Senate 30 or 40": NYT, August 18, 1966. NYT, August 18, 1966. The The U.S. News U.S. News roundup ran: roundup ran: USNWR, October 3, 1966. USNWR, October 3, 1966. The liberal The liberal Sacramento Bee: "Opinion at Home and Abroad," NYT, Week in Review, August 7, 1966. Sacramento Bee: "Opinion at Home and Abroad," NYT, Week in Review, August 7, 1966. Joseph Alsop: Joseph Alsop: "A Modest Proposal I," "A Modest Proposal II," "A Modest Proposal III," WP, August 1, 3, 5, 1966. "A Modest Proposal I," "A Modest Proposal II," "A Modest Proposal III," WP, August 1, 3, 5, 1966.

He gave a speech to the Fraternal: Carter, Carter, Politics of Rage, Politics of Rage, 305. 305.

After one broke out in Waukegan: "Inside Report: Dirksen vs. the Moderates," WP, September 16, 1966. "Inside Report: Dirksen vs. the Moderates," WP, September 16, 1966.

That August was a watershed: This paragraph is drawn from the argument of Edward G. Carmine and James A. Stimson, This paragraph is drawn from the argument of Edward G. Carmine and James A. Stimson, Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990). (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990). One official party brochure: CQ Political Notes, One official party brochure: CQ Political Notes, June 11, 1965. June 11, 1965.

Evans and Novak reported: "Inside Report: Ford's Lemming Instinct," WP, August 12, 1966. "Inside Report: Ford's Lemming Instinct," WP, August 12, 1966. Ford began the press conference: Congressional Record Ford began the press conference: Congressional Record 112, pt. 13, 17,767. 112, pt. 13, 17,767.

In Chicago, John Hoellen: "Inside Report: Dirksen vs. the Moderates." "Inside Report: Dirksen vs. the Moderates." In the In the Sat.u.r.day Evening Post: "Percy vs. Douglas," Sat.u.r.day Evening Post: "Percy vs. Douglas," Sat.u.r.day Evening Post, Sat.u.r.day Evening Post, November 5, 1966. November 5, 1966.

"While you sit on your b.u.t.t": No date, answered October 31, 1966, PDP722. No date, answered October 31, 1966, PDP722.

In his turn at the Los Angeles: "Nixon Sees Big G.O.P. Victory," LAT, June 24, 1966. "Nixon Sees Big G.O.P. Victory," LAT, June 24, 1966. Nixon, speaking at the Hilton: Nixon, speaking at the Hilton: "Nixon Says Voters Will Turn to GOP," CT, July 22, 1966. "Nixon Says Voters Will Turn to GOP," CT, July 22, 1966. "I want everyone in California": "I want everyone in California": "Politicos Look at Race Issue," LAT, July 5, 1966. "Politicos Look at Race Issue," LAT, July 5, 1966.

Then, when the bill was debated: "Nixon Deplores Extremism in Civil Rights," LAT, February 13, 1964. Went through his whole thesis: Richard Reeves, "Nixon Deplores Extremism in Civil Rights," LAT, February 13, 1964. Went through his whole thesis: Richard Reeves, President Nixon: Alone in the White House President Nixon: Alone in the White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 110. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 110. And he was an ex officio member: And he was an ex officio member: "Nixon Says 'Appeas.e.m.e.nt Line' Will Be G.O.P. Target in Vote," NYT, January 31, 1966. "Nixon Says 'Appeas.e.m.e.nt Line' Will Be G.O.P. Target in Vote," NYT, January 31, 1966.

CHAPTER SIX: SCHOOL WAS IN SESSION....

"I have no staff": "Nixon Presses Victory Theme at GOP Dinner," LAT, September 17, 1966. "Nixon Presses Victory Theme at GOP Dinner," LAT, September 17, 1966. this was, Evans and Novak reported: this was, Evans and Novak reported: "Special Report: Nixon's Presidential Campaign," WP, August 9, 1966. "Special Report: Nixon's Presidential Campaign," WP, August 9, 1966.

Over the previous weeks: "Nixon Advocates Use of More GI's," NYT, August 8, 1966; Andrew L. Johns, "A Voice from the Wilderness: Richard Nixon and the Vietnam War, 19641966," "Nixon Advocates Use of More GI's," NYT, August 8, 1966; Andrew L. Johns, "A Voice from the Wilderness: Richard Nixon and the Vietnam War, 19641966," Presidential Studies Quarterly Presidential Studies Quarterly 29 (1999). 29 (1999). He said that "for the first": He said that "for the first": "Nixon, in Saigon, Bids U.S. Bare Goals," NYT, August 6, 1966; Johns, "Voice From the Wilderness"; Jules Witcover, "Nixon, in Saigon, Bids U.S. Bare Goals," NYT, August 6, 1966; Johns, "Voice From the Wilderness"; Jules Witcover, The Resurrection of Richard Nixon The Resurrection of Richard Nixon (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1970), 155; Stephen Ambrose, (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1970), 155; Stephen Ambrose, Nixon, Vol. 2: The Triumph of a Politician, 19621972 Nixon, Vol. 2: The Triumph of a Politician, 19621972 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), 85; "Nixon Urges GOP Support War Aims," LAT, August 7, 1966. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), 85; "Nixon Urges GOP Support War Aims," LAT, August 7, 1966.

According to "some American leaders": "Nixon Advocates Use of More GI's." "Nixon Advocates Use of More GI's." "I don't believe the Communist": "I don't believe the Communist": "Nixon Says Vietnam Could End in Two Years," NYT, August 12, 1966. "Nixon Says Vietnam Could End in Two Years," NYT, August 12, 1966. "Now that we have hit": "Now that we have hit": "Nixon Advocates More GI's." "Nixon Advocates More GI's."

The New York Times New York Times welcomed: welcomed: "Vietnam and the Elections," NYT, August 14, 1966. "Vietnam and the Elections," NYT, August 14, 1966.

An unnamed senator: David Broder and Stephen Hess, David Broder and Stephen Hess, The Republican Establishment: The Present and Future of the GOP The Republican Establishment: The Present and Future of the GOP (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), 157. (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), 157. "running through Asia like wildfire": "running through Asia like wildfire": Mary McGrory in Mary McGrory in America America magazine, September 17, 1966; magazine, September 17, 1966; National Review, National Review, September 20, 1966. September 20, 1966.

Sh.o.r.eham Hotel meeting: "GOP Leaders in Congress Back All-Asian Talk," NYT, August 26, 1966; "GOP Liberals Fear Rightists Will Control 1968 Convention," NYT, August 31, 1966; "Inside Report: Nixon's Sh.o.r.eham Meeting," WP, September 7, 1966; Witcover, Resurrection of Richard Nixon, Resurrection of Richard Nixon, 15455; interview with Lee Edwards. 15455; interview with Lee Edwards. Buchanan loved Nixon, whom: Buchanan loved Nixon, whom: Pat Buchanan, Pat Buchanan, Right from the Beginning Right from the Beginning (Boston: Little, Brown, 1988), 4. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1988), 4.

"If Barry showed that": Garry Wills, Garry Wills, Reagan's America: Innocents at Home Reagan's America: Innocents at Home (New York: Doubleday, 1987), 290. (New York: Doubleday, 1987), 290. "the Birchers could be handled": "the Birchers could be handled": E. J. Dionne, E. J. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 191; "Inside Report: Fifty Bucks from Buckley," WP, October 15, 1965; (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 191; "Inside Report: Fifty Bucks from Buckley," WP, October 15, 1965; National Review, National Review, March 8, 1966. March 8, 1966.

Americans for Const.i.tutional Action: USNWR, September 12, 1966. USNWR, September 12, 1966. Goldwater Republicans won primary: Goldwater Republicans won primary: USNWR, August 22, 1966. USNWR, August 22, 1966.

Arkansas gubernatorial primary: USNWR, August 8, 1966; Reporter, Reporter, October 20, 1966. Maryland gubernatorial primary: USNWR, September 26, 1966; "Repudiation of Mahoney Urged by a Key Maryland Democrat," NYT, September 17, 1966; Alan Draper, "Labor and the 1966 Elections," October 20, 1966. Maryland gubernatorial primary: USNWR, September 26, 1966; "Repudiation of Mahoney Urged by a Key Maryland Democrat," NYT, September 17, 1966; Alan Draper, "Labor and the 1966 Elections," Labor History Labor History 30 (1989): 7692; Jules Witcover, 30 (1989): 7692; Jules Witcover, White Knight: The Rise of Spiro Agnew White Knight: The Rise of Spiro Agnew (New York: Random House, 1972), 11649. Georgia gubernatorial primary: Bradley R. Rice, "The 1966 Gubernatorial Elections in Georgia" (Ph.D. diss., University of Southern Mississippi, 1982); Randy Sangers, "The Sad Duty of Politics: Jimmy Carter and the Issue of Race in His 1970 Gubernatorial Campaign," (New York: Random House, 1972), 11649. Georgia gubernatorial primary: Bradley R. Rice, "The 1966 Gubernatorial Elections in Georgia" (Ph.D. diss., University of Southern Mississippi, 1982); Randy Sangers, "The Sad Duty of Politics: Jimmy Carter and the Issue of Race in His 1970 Gubernatorial Campaign," Georgia Historical Quarterly Georgia Historical Quarterly 76 (1992). 76 (1992).

Maddox's path was smoothed: USNWR, September 25, 1966; "Allen of Atlanta Collides with Black Power and White Racism," NYTM, October 16, 1966; USNWR, September 25, 1966; "Allen of Atlanta Collides with Black Power and White Racism," NYTM, October 16, 1966; New Republic, New Republic, October 22, 1966; "Expert on Extremism Exasperates Extremes," WP, October 17, 1966. October 22, 1966; "Expert on Extremism Exasperates Extremes," WP, October 17, 1966. In Baton Rouge, a twleve-term: In Baton Rouge, a twleve-term: "Critic of Johnson Wins in Louisiana," NYT, September 25, 1966. "Critic of Johnson Wins in Louisiana," NYT, September 25, 1966. In the Senate, Everett Dirksen: In the Senate, Everett Dirksen: "Amendment on School Prayer Falls," WP, September 22, 1966. "Amendment on School Prayer Falls," WP, September 22, 1966. The Supreme Court upheld a landmark: The Supreme Court upheld a landmark: "'Witch Hunt' Feared on Obscenity Issue," NYT, October 12, 1966. "'Witch Hunt' Feared on Obscenity Issue," NYT, October 12, 1966.

"I would say the overall": USNWR, September 16, 1966. USNWR, September 16, 1966.

Seventy-five percent of the delegates: "GOP Liberals Fear Rightists Will Control 1968 Convention," NYT, August 31, 1966. "GOP Liberals Fear Rightists Will Control 1968 Convention," NYT, August 31, 1966. Many were already talking about drafting: Many were already talking about drafting: Broder and Hess, Broder and Hess, Republican Establishment, Republican Establishment, 276, quoting Lee Edwards in 276, quoting Lee Edwards in Human Events. Human Events.

"Take any political situation": Garry Wills, Garry Wills, Nixon Agonistes: The Crisis of the Self-Made Man Nixon Agonistes: The Crisis of the Self-Made Man (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), 11. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), 11. "One senses that he knows": "One senses that he knows": Richard Reeves, Richard Reeves, President Nixon: Alone in the White House President Nixon: Alone in the White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 375. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 375. He "said he felt his life": He "said he felt his life": Leonard Garment, Leonard Garment, Crazy Rhythm: From Brooklyn and Jazz to Nixon's White House, Watergate, and Beyond Crazy Rhythm: From Brooklyn and Jazz to Nixon's White House, Watergate, and Beyond (New York: Crown, 1997), 85. (New York: Crown, 1997), 85.

Forty years later, one of the YAFers: Lee Edwards interview. Lee Edwards interview.

Woodrow Wilson was the only: Reeves, Reeves, President Nixon, President Nixon, 26. 26. A partic.i.p.ant leaked: A partic.i.p.ant leaked: Witcover, Witcover, Resurrection of Richard Nixon, Resurrection of Richard Nixon, 155. 155.

"far greater than those incurred": "GOP Liberals Fear Rightists Will Control 1968 Convention." "GOP Liberals Fear Rightists Will Control 1968 Convention." The The Times Times reported in their dispatch: reported in their dispatch: "GOP Leaders in Congress Back All-Asian Talk." "GOP Leaders in Congress Back All-Asian Talk."

HEW guidelines background: Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America; A History of Liberalism in the 1960s The Unraveling of America; A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York: HarperCollins, 1984), 18891; and the following doc.u.ments in LBJCR, Reel 8: United States Commission on Civil Rights, "t.i.tle VI...One Year Later"; Keppel, "Education and the Civil Rights Act"; Howe to Cater, January 19, 1966; Liba.s.si to Cater, January 21, 1966; and Cater to Watson, February 22, 1966. (New York: HarperCollins, 1984), 18891; and the following doc.u.ments in LBJCR, Reel 8: United States Commission on Civil Rights, "t.i.tle VI...One Year Later"; Keppel, "Education and the Civil Rights Act"; Howe to Cater, January 19, 1966; Liba.s.si to Cater, January 21, 1966; and Cater to Watson, February 22, 1966.

In real life, when a black family: McPherson to LBJ, May 12, 1966, LBJCR, Reel 12. McPherson to LBJ, May 12, 1966, LBJCR, Reel 12.