The internal pressure not to exceed 3.5 tons.

This Company also manufactures a new form of powder, known as Imperial Schultze. It is a powder somewhat lighter in gravity; 33 grains occupies the bulk charge, as compared with the 42 grains of the old. It follows in its composition much the lines of the older powder, but it is quite free from smoke, and leaves no residue whatever.

~The E.G. Powder.~--This is one of the oldest of the nitro powders. It was invented by Reid and Johnson in 1882. It is now manufactured by the E.G.

Powder Company Limited, at their factory near Dartford, Kent, and in America by the Anglo-American E.G. Powder Company, at New Jersey. The basis of this powder is a fine form of cellulose, derived from cotton, carefully purified, and freed from all foreign substances, and carefully nitrated. Its manufacture is somewhat as follows:--Pure nitro-cotton, in the form of a fine powder, is rotated in a drum, sprinkled with water, and the drum rotated until the nitro-cotton has taken the form of grains. The grains are then dried and moistened with ether-alcohol, whereby the moisture is gelatinised, and afterwards coloured with aurine, which gives them an orange colour. They are then dried and put through a sieve, in order to separate the grains which may have stuck together during the gelatinising process.

Since its introduction soon after 1881, E.G. powder has undergone considerable modifications, and is now a distinctly different product from a practical point of view. It is now and has been since 1897 what is known as a 33-grain powder, that is to say, the old standard charge of 3 drams by measure for a 12-bore gun weighs 33 grains, as compared with 42 grains for the original E.G. and other nitro powders. This improvement was effected by a reduction of the barium nitrate and the use of nitro- cellulose of a higher degree of nitration, and also more gelatinisation in manufacture. The granules are very hard, and resist moisture to an extent hitherto unattainable by any "bulk" powder.

Irregularities of pressure in loading have also a minimum effect by reason of the hardness of the grains. The colouring matter used is aurine, and the small quant.i.ty of nitrate used is the barium salt. The powder is standardised for pressure velocity with Boulenge chronograph,[A] pattern and gravimetric density by elaborate daily tests, and is continually subjected to severe trials for stability under various conditions of storage, the result being that it may be kept for what in practice amount to indefinite periods of time, either in cartridges or in bulk without any alteration being feared. The E.C. powders are used in sporting guns. No. 1 and No. 2 E.C. are not at present manufactured, E.C. No. 3 having taken their place entirely. Since 1890 these powders have been manufactured under the Borland-Johnson patents, these improved powders being for some time known as the J.B. powders. The E.C. No. 1 was superseded by the E.C.

No. 2, made under the Borland-Johnson patents, and this in its turn by the E.C. No. 3 (in 1897).

[Footnote A: Invented in 1869 by Major Le Boulenge, Belgian Artillery. It is intended to record the mean velocity between any two points, and from its simplicity and accuracy is largely employed. Other forms have been invented by Capt. Breger, French Artillerie de la Marine, and Capt.

Holden, R.A.]

~Indurite~ is the invention of Professor C.E. Munroe, of the U.S. Naval Torpedo Station. It is made from insoluble nitro-cotton, treated in a particular manner by steam, and mixed with nitro-benzene. The _Dupont_ powder is very similar to _Indurite_. M.E. Leonard, of the United States, invented a powder consisting of 75 parts of nitro-glycerine, 25 parts of gun-cotton, 5 parts of lycopodium powder, and 4 parts of urea crystals dissolved in acetone. The French smokeless powder, Vielle poudre (poudre B), used in the Lebel rifle, is a mixture of nitro-cellulose and tannin, mixed with barium and pota.s.sium nitrates. It gives a very feeble report, and very little bluish smoke. The n.o.bel Company is said to be perfecting a smokeless powder in which the chief ingredients are nitro-amido- and tri- nitro-benzene. C.O. Lundholm has patented (U.S. Pat, 701,591, 1901) a smokeless powder containing nitro-glycerine 30, nitro-cellulose 60, diamyl phthalate 10 (or diamyl phthalate 5, and mineral jelly 5). The diamyl phthalate is added, with or without the mineral jelly to nitro-glycerine and nitro-cellulose.

~Walsrode Powder.~--The smokeless powder known as Walsrode powder consists of absolutely pure gelatinised nitro-cellulose, grained by a chemical not a mechanical process, consequently the grains do not need facing with gelatine to prevent their breaking up, as is the case with many nitro powders. For this same reason, as well as from the method of getting rid of the solvent used, the Walsrode has no tendency whatever to absorb moisture. In fact, it can lie in water for several days, and when taken out and dried again at a moderate temperature will be found as good as before. Nor is it influenced by heat, whether dry or damp, and it can be stored for years without being in the least affected. It is claimed also that it heats the barrels of guns much less than black powder, and does not injure them.

The standard charge is 30 grains, and it is claimed that with this charge Walsrode powder will prove second to none. A large cap is necessary, as the grains of this powder are very hard, and require a large flame to properly ignite them. In loading cartridges for sporting purposes, an extra felt wad is required to compensate for the small s.p.a.ce occupied by the charge; but for military use the powder can be left quite loose. The gas pressure of this powder is low (in several military rifles only one- half that of other nitros), and the recoil consequently small; and it is claimed that with the slight increase of the charge (from 29 to 30 grs.) both penetration and initial velocity will be largely increased, whilst the gas pressure and recoil will not be greater.

This powder was used at Bisley, at the National Rifle a.s.sociation's Meeting, with satisfactory results. It is made by the Walsrode Smokeless and Waterproof Gunpowder Company. The nitro-cotton is gelatinised by means of acetic ether, and the skin produced r.e.t.a.r.ds burning. The nitro-cotton is mixed with acetic ether, and when the gelatinisation has taken place, the plastic ma.s.s is forced through holes in a metal plate into strips, which are then cut up into pieces the size of grains. The M.H. Walsrode powder is a leaflet powder, light in colour, about 40 grains of which give a muzzle velocity of 1,350 feet and a pressure of 3 tons. It is, like the other Walsrode powders, waterproof and heat-proof.

~Cooppal Powder~ is manufactured by Messrs Cooppal & Co. at their extensive powder works in Belgium. It consists of nitro-jute or nitro- cotton, with or without nitrates, treated with a solvent to form a gelatinised ma.s.s. There are a great many varieties of this powder. One kind is in the form of little squares; another, for use in Hotchkiss guns, is formed into 3-millimetre cubes, and is black. Other varieties are coloured with aniline dyes of different colours.

~Amberite~ is a nitro-cellulose powder of the 42-grain type of sporting gunpowders, and is manufactured by Messrs Curtis's & Harvey Limited, at their Smokeless Powder Factory, Tonbridge, Kent. It consists of a mixture of nitro-cellulose, paraffin, barium, nitrate, and some other ingredients.

It is claimed for this powder that it combines hard shooting with safety, great penetration, and moderate strain on the gun. It is hard and tough in grain, and may be loaded like black powder, and subjected to hard friction without breaking into powder, that it is smokeless, and leaves no residue in the gun. The charge for 12 bores is 42 grains by weight, and 1-1/8 oz.

or 1-1/16 oz. shot. The powders known as cannonite[A] and ruby powder, also manufactured by Messrs Curtis's & Harvey Limited, are a.n.a.logous products having the same general characteristics.

[Footnote A: For further details of cannonite, see First Edition, p. 181.]

~Smokeless Diamond~, also manufactured by the above mentioned firm, is a nitro-cellulose powder of the 33-grain type of sporting gunpowders. It was invented by Mr H.M. Chapman. The manufacture of Smokeless Diamond, as carried out at Tonbridge, is shortly as follows:--The gun-cotton, which is the chief ingredient of this powder, is first stoved, then mixed with certain compounds which act as moderators, and after the solvents are added, is worked up into a h.o.m.ogeneous plastic condition. It then undergoes the processes of granulation, sifting, dusting, drying, and glazing. In order to ensure uniformity several batches are blended together, and stored for some time before being issued for use.

It is claimed for this powder that it is quick of ignition, the quickness being probably due to the peculiar structure of the grains which, when looked at under the microscope, have the appearance of c.o.ke. The charge for a 12 bore is 33 grains and 1-1/16 oz. shot, which gives a velocity of 1,050 feet per second, and a pressure of 3 tons per square inch.

~Greiner's Powder~ consists of nitro-cellulose, nitro-benzol, graphite, and lampblack.

~B.N. Powder.~--This powder is of a light grey or drab colour, perfectly opaque, and rough to the touch. It consists of a mixture, nitro-cellulose and the nitrates of barium and pota.s.sium. Its composition is as follows:--

Insoluble nitro-cellulose 29.13 parts Soluble nitro-cellulose 41.31 "

Barium nitrate 19.00 "

Pota.s.sium nitrate 7.97 "

Sodium carbonate 2.03 "

Volatile matter 1.43 "

This powder is a modification of the Poudre B., or Vieille's powder invented for use in the Lebel rifle, and which consisted of a mixture of the nitro-celluloses with paraffin.

~Von Foster's Powder~ contains nothing but pure gelatinised nitro- cellulose, together with a small quant.i.ty of carbonate of lime.

The German ~Troisdorf Powder~ is a mixture of gelatinised nitro-cellulose, with or without nitrates.

~Maximite~ is the invention of Mr Hudson Maxim, and is a nitro-compound, the base being gun-cotton. The exact composition and method of manufacture are, however, kept secret. It is made by the Columbia Powder Manufacturing Company, of New York, and in two forms--one for use as a smokeless rifle powder, and the other for blasting purposes.

~Wetteren Powder.~--This powder was manufactured at the Royal Gunpowder Factory at Wetteren, and used in the Belgian service. Originally it was a mixture of nitro-glycerine and nitro-cellulose, with amyl acetate as solvent. Its composition has, however, been altered from time to time. One variety consists chiefly of nitro-cellulose, with amyl acetate as solvent.

It is of a dark brown colour, and of the consistency of indiarubber. It is rolled into sheets and finally granulated.

~Henrite~ is a nitro-cellulose powder.

~Normal Powder.~--The Swedish powder known as "Normal" Smokeless Powder, and manufactured by the Swedish Powder Manufacturing Company, of Landskrona, Sweden, and used for some years past in the Swiss Army, is made in four forms. For field guns of 8.4 calibre, it is used in the form of cylindrical grains of a yellow colour, of a diameter of .8 to .9 mm.

and density of .790--about 840 grains of it go to one gun. For rifles, it is used in the form of grey squares, density .750, and 1 grm. equals about 1,014 grains. One hundred rounds of this powder, fired in eighteen minutes, raised the temperature of the gun barrel 284 F. A nitro- glycerine powder, fired under the same conditions, gave a temperature of 464 F.

This powder is said to keep well--a sample kept 3-1/2 years gave as good results as when first made--is easy to make, very stable, ignites easily, not very sensitive to shock or friction, is very light, &c. Eight hundred rounds fired from a heavy gun produced no injury to the interior of the weapon. Samples kept for eleven months in the moist atmosphere of a cellar, when fired gave a muzzle velocity of 1,450 ft. secs. and pressure of 1,312 atmospheres, and the moisture was found to have risen from 1.2 to 1.6 per cent. After twenty-three months in the damp it contained 2 per cent. moisture, gave a muzzle velocity of 1,478 ft. sees., and pressure of 1,356 atmospheres. In a 7.5 millimetre rifle, 13.8 grm. bullet, and charge of 2 grms., it gives a muzzle velocity of 2,035 ft. secs. and a pressure of 2,200 atmospheres. In the 8.4 cm. field-gun, with charge of 600 grms., and projectile of 6.7 kilogrammes, muzzle velocity was equal to 1,640 ft.

secs. and pressure 1,750. A sample of the powder for use in the .303 M.

rifle, lately a.n.a.lysed by the author, gave the following result:--

Gun-cotton 96.21 per cent.

Soluble cotton 1.80 "

Non-nitrated cotton trace.

Resin and other matters 1.99 "

_______

100.00

The various forms of powder invented and manufactured by Mr C.F. Hengst are chiefly composed of nitrated straw that has been finely pulped. The straw is treated first with acids and afterwards with alkalies, and the result is a firm fibrous substance which is granulated. It is claimed that this powder is entirely smokeless and flameless, that it does not foul the gun nor heat the barrel, and is at the same time 150 per cent. stronger than black powder.

The German "Troisdorf" powder consists of nitro-cellulose that has been gelatinised together with a nitrate. Kolf's powder is also gelatinised with nitro-cellulose. The powders invented by Mr E.J. Ryves contain nitro- glycerine, nitro-cotton, castor-oil, paper-pulp, and carbonate of magnesia. Maxim powder contains both soluble and insoluble nitro- cellulose, nitro-glycerine, and carbonate of soda. The smokeless powder made by the "Dynamite Actiengesellschaft n.o.bel" consists of nitro-starch 70 to 99 parts, and of di- or tri-nitro-benzene 1 to 30 parts.

An American wood powder, known as Bracket's Sporting Powder, consists of soluble and insoluble nitro-lignine, mixed with charred lignine, humus, and nitrate of soda. Mr F.H. Snyder, of New York, is the inventor of a sh.e.l.l powder known as the "Snyder Explosive," consisting of 94 per cent.

nitro-glycerine, 6 per cent. of soluble nitro-cotton, and camphor, which is said to be safe in use. Experiments were made with it in a 6-inch rifled gun, fired at a target 220 yards away, composed of twelve 1-inch steel plates welded together, and backed with 12-inch and 14-inch oak beams, and weighing 20 tons. The shots entirely destroyed it. The charge of explosive used was 10 lbs. in each sh.e.l.l.

~Comparative Tests of Black and Nitro Powders, from "American Field."~-- The results given in table below were obtained at the German Shooting a.s.sociation's grounds at Coepenick, Berlin. Penetration was calculated by placing frames, each holding five cards of 1 millimetre in thickness (equals .03937 inch), and 3 inches apart, in a bee-line, at distances of 20 inches. Velocity, pattern, and penetration were taken at 40 yards from the muzzle of a 12-gauge choke-bore double-barrel gun. Gas pressure was taken by a special apparatus. All sh.e.l.ls were loaded with 1-1/8 oz. of No.

3 shot, equal to 120 pellets, and the number given below represents the average number in the 30-inch pattern. The number of sheets pa.s.sed through gives the average penetration. One atmosphere equals pressure equal to 1 kilogramme (2.2 lbs.) on the square centimetre, hence 1,000 atmospheres equal 2,200 lbs. on the square centimetre. The E.C., Schultze, and Walsrode powders were loaded in Elcy's special sh.e.l.ls, 2-1/2 inches long.

The averages were taken from a large number of shots, and the same series of shots fired under precisely the same conditions.

_______________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | Gas | | | | | | Pressure. | Velocity. | Pattern. | Penetration. | |__________________|____________|___________|____________|______________| | | | | | | | |Atmospheres.| Metres. | | Sheets. | | | | | | | |Fine-grained black| | | | | |powder, standard | | | | | |charge | 514.2 | 280 | 78.6 = 66% | 19.O | | | | | | | |Coa.r.s.e-grained | | | | | |black powder, | | | | | |standard charge | 473.4 | 281.4 | 78.2 = 65% | 19.4 | | | | | | | |Schultze powder, | | | | | |42 grains | 921.0 | 290.0 | 64.2 = 54% | 20.2 | | | | | | | |Schultze powder, | | | | | |45 grains | 1052.8 | 305.8 | 52.2 = 42% | 20.6 | | | | | | | |E.G. smokeless, | | | | | |42 grains | 920.2 | 298.4 | 81.4 = 67% | 18.8 | | | | | | | |Walsrode, | | | | | |29 grains | 586.4 | 280.6 | 83.0 = 69% | 19.0 | |__________________|____________|___________|____________|______________|

Barometer, 760 mm. Thermometer, 30 C. Hydrometer = 65. Wind, S.W.

~Picric Powders.~--The chief of these is _Melinite_, the composition of which is not known with certainty. It is believed to be melted picric acid together with gun-cotton dissolved in acetone or ether-alcohol. Walke gives the following proportions--30 parts of tri-nitro-cellulose dissolved in 45 parts of ether-alcohol (2 to 1), and 70 parts of fused and pulverised picric acid. The ether-alcohol mixture is allowed to evaporate spontaneously, and the resulting cake granulated. The French claim, however, that the original invention has been so modified and perfected that the melinite of to-day cannot be recognised in the earlier product.

Melinite has a yellow colour, is almost without crystalline appearance, and when ignited by a flame or heated wire, it burns with a reddish-yellow flame, giving off copious volumes of black smoke. Melinite as at present used is said to be a perfectly safe explosive, both as regards manufacture, handling, and storage.

_Lyddite_,[A] the picric acid explosive used in the British service, is supposed to be identical with the original melinite, but its composition has not been made public.

[Footnote A: Schimose, the j.a.panese powder, is stated to be identical with Lyddite and Melinite (_Chem. Centr._, 1906, 1, 1196).]

Picrates are more often used than picric acid itself in powders. One of the best known is _Brugere's Powder_, which is a mixture of 54 parts of picrate of ammonia and 45 parts of saltpetre. It is stable and safe to manufacture. It has been used in the Cha.s.sepot rifle with good results, gives little smoke, and a small residue only of carbonate of potash.

The next in importance is _Designolle's Powder_, made at Bouchon, consisting of picrate of potash, saltpetre, and charcoal. It was made in three varieties, viz., for rifles, big guns, and torpedoes and sh.e.l.ls.

These powders are made much in the same way as gunpowder. The advantages claimed for them over gunpowder are, greater strength, comparative absence of smoke, and freedom from injurious action on the bores of guns.