[1316] The _Yagn.o.bi_ of the river of like name, an affluent of the Zerafshan; yet even this shows lexical affinities with Iranic, while its structure seems to connect it with Leitner's Kajuna and Biddulph's Burish, a non-Aryan tongue current in Ghilghit, Yasin, Hunza and Nagar, whose inhabitants are regarded by Biddulph as descendants of the Yue-chi. The Yagn.o.bi themselves, however, are distinctly Alpines, somewhat short, very hirsute and brown, with broad face, large head, and a Savoyard expression. They have the curious custom of never cutting but always breaking their bread, the use of the knife being sure to raise the price of flour.

[1317] F. v. Luschan points out that very little is known of the anthropology of Persia. "In a land inhabited by about ten millions not more than twenty or thirty men have been regularly measured and not one skull has been studied." The old type preserved in the Parsi is short-headed and dark. "The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia," _Journ.

Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XLI. 1911, p. 233.

[1318] _Dih, deh_, village. _Zaban_, tongue, language.

[1319] H. Walter, _From Indus to Tigris_, p. 16. Of course this traveller refers only to the Tajiks of the plateau (Persia, Afghanistan). Of the Galchic Tajiks he knew nothing; nor indeed is the distinction even yet quite understood by European ethnologists.

[1320] III. 91.

[1321] Even Ptolemy's [Greek: pasichai] appear to be the same people, [Greek: p] being an error for [Greek: t], so that [Greek: tasikai] would be the nearest possible Greek transcription of _Tajik_.

[1322] _Tribes of the Hindoo-Koosh_, 1880, _pa.s.sim._

[1323] _An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul_, 1815.

[1324] "Ces Savoyards attardes du Kohistan" (Ujfalvy, _Les Aryens_ etc.).

[1325] The anthropological data are dealt with by T. A. Joyce, "Notes on the Physical Anthropology of Chinese Turkestan and the Pamirs," _Journ.

Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XLII. 1912. "The original inhabitant ... is that type of man described by Lapouge as _h.o.m.o Alpinus_," p. 468.

[1326] F. v. Luschan, "The Early Inhabitants of Asia," _Journ. Roy.

Anthr. Inst._ XLI. 1911, p. 243.

[1327] For the evidence of the extension of this element in East Central Asia see Ch. IX.

[1328] R. B. Foote, _Madras Government Museum_. _The Foote Collection of Indian Prehistoric and Protohistoric Antiquities. Notes on their ages and distribution_, 1916, is the most recent contribution to the prehistoric period, but the conclusions are not universally accepted.

[1329] A. F. R. h.o.e.rnle, _A Grammar of Eastern Hindi compared with the other Gaudian Languages_, 1880, first suggested (p. x.x.xi. ff.) the distinction between the languages of the Midland and the Outer Band, which has been corroborated by G. A. Grierson, _Languages of India_, 1903, p. 51; _Imperial Gazetteer of India_, 1907-8, Vol. I. pp. 357-8.

[1330] H. H. Risley, _The People of India_, 1908, p. 54. See also J. D.

Anderson, _The Peoples of India_, 1913, p. 27.

[1331] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_ etc. 1892, _Indian Census Report_, 1901, and _Imperial Gazetteer_, Vol. I. ch. VI.

[1332] The jungle tribes of this group, such as the _Paniyan_, _Kurumba_ and _Irula_ are cla.s.sed as PRE-DRAVIDIAN. See chap. XII.

[1333] A. C. Haddon, _Wanderings of Peoples_, 1911, p. 27.

[1334] _The Indo-Aryan Races_, 1916, pp. 65-71 and 75-78.

[1335] "A Third Journey of Exploration in Central Asia 1913-16," _Geog.

Journ._ 1916.

[1336] _Natives of Northern India_, 1907, pp. 19, 24. See also his article "R[=a]jputs and Mar[=a]thas," _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XL.

1910.

[1337] "His report, compiled during the inevitable distractions incident to the enumeration of a population of some 300 millions, was a notable performance, and will remain one of the cla.s.sics of Indian anthropology." "The Stability of Caste and Tribal Groups in India,"

_Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ XLIV. 1914, p. 270.

[1338] A vast amount of material has been collected in recent years besides _Ethnographical Surveys_ of the various provinces, the _Imperial Gazetteer_ of 1909, and the magnificent _Census Reports_ of 1901 and 1911. Some of the more important works are as follows:--H. H. Risley, _Ethnography of India_, 1903, _The People of India_, 1908; E. Thurston, _Ethnographical Notes on Southern India_, 1906, _Castes and Tribes of Southern India_, 1909; H. A. Rose, _Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and N.W. Frontier Province_, 1911; E. A. de Brett, _Gazetteer, Chhatisgarh Feudatory States_, 1909; C. E. Luard, _Ethnographic Survey, Central India_, 1909; L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer, _The Cochin Tribes and Castes_, 1909, _Tribes and Castes of Cochin_, 1912; M. Longworth Dames, _The Baloch Race_, 1904; W. H. R. Rivers, _The Todas_, 1906; P. R. T. Gurdon, _The Khasis_, 1907; T. C. Hodson, _The Meitheis_, 1908, _The Naga Tribes of Manipur_, 1911; E. Stack and C. J.

Lyall, _The Mikirs_, 1908; A. Playfair, _The Garos_, 1909; S. Endle, _The Kacharis_, 1911; C. G. and B. Z. Seligman, _The Veddas_, 1911; J.

Shakespear, _The Lushei Kuki Clans_, 1912; S. Chandra Roy, _The Mundas and their Country_, 1912, _The Oraons_, 1915; and R. V. Russell, _Tribes and Castes of the N.W. Central Provinces_, 1916.

[1339] The term _Kol_, which occurs as an element in a great many tribal names, and was first introduced by Campbell in a collective sense (1866), is of unknown origin, but probably connected with a root meaning "Man" (W. Crooke, _Tribes and Castes_, III. p. 294).

[1340] _Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 190.

[1341] In a letter to the author, June 18, 1895.

[1342] Edgar Thurston, _Anthropology_ etc., Bul. 4, Madras, 1896, pp.

147-8. For fuller details see his _Castes and Tribes of S. India_, 1909.

[1343] _The Todas_, 1906. See chap. x.x.x. "The Origin and History of the Todas."

[1344] For the discussion of Caste see E. A. Gait's article in _Ency. of Religion and Ethics_, 1910, with bibliography; also V. A. Smith, _Caste in India, East and West_, 1913.

[1345] See Ch. VII.

[1346] See A. Kramer, _Hawaii, Ostmikronesien und Samoa_, 1906.

[1347] For Polynesian wanderings see S. Percy Smith, _Hawaiki: the original home of the Maori_, 1904; J. M. Brown, _Maori and Polynesian; their origin, history and culture_, 1907; W. Churchill, _The Polynesian Wanderings_, 1911.

[1348] _H_ everywhere takes the place of _S_, which is preserved only in the Samoan mother-tongue; cf. Gr. [Greek: hepta] with Lat. _septem_, Eng. _seven_.

[1349] _The History of Melanesian Society_, 1914.

[1350] Cf. p. 139 ff.

[1351] Among recent works on Polynesia see H. Mager, _Le Monde polynesien_, 1902; B. H. Thomson, _Savage Island_, 1902; A. Kramer, _Die Samoa-Inseln_, 1902; J. M. Brown, _Maori and Polynesian_, 1907; G.

Brown, _Melanesians and Polynesians_, 1910; F. W. Christian, _Eastern Pacific Islands_, 1910.

APPENDIX A. (p. 5)

Since the first few pages of this book were in print an important memoir on the "Phylogeny of Recent and Extinct Anthropoids with Special Reference to the Origin of Man" has been published by W. K. Gregory (_Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist._ Vol. x.x.xV., Article XIX, pp. 258 ff., New York, 1916). As Gregory's lucid statement of the problems involved is based on a prolonged examination of very varied and abundant material we have considered it advisable to present his summary. The chief conclusions, which appear to be of a conservative character, are as follows (p. 341).

_The Origin of Man._

1. Comparative anatomical (including embryological) evidence alone has shown that man and the anthropoids have been derived from a primitive anthropoid stock and that man's existing relatives are the chimpanzee and the gorilla.

2. The chimpanzee and gorilla have retained, with only minor changes, the ancestral habits and habitus in brain, dent.i.tion, skull and limbs, while the forerunners of the Hominidae, through a profound change in function, lost the primitive anthropoid habitus, gave up arboreal frugivorous adaptations and early became terrestrial, bipedal and predatory, using crude flints to cut up and smash the varied food.

3. The ancestral chimpanzee-gorilla-man stock appears to be represented by the Upper Miocene genera _Sivapithecus_ and _Dryopithecus_, the former more closely allied to, or directly ancestral to, the Hominidae, the latter to the chimpanzee and gorilla.