[809] F. Boas, "Ethnological Problems in Canada," _Journ. Roy. Anthr.

Inst._ XL. 1910, p. 529.

[810] H. P. Steensby, "Contributions to the Ethnology and Anthropogeography of the Polar Eskimos," _Meddelelser om Gronland_, x.x.xIV. 1910.

[811] H. P. Steensby, _loc. cit._ p. 384.

[812] _Loc. cit_. pp. 366, 376.

[813] V. Stefansson, _My life with the Eskimo_, 1913, p. 194 ff.

[814] F. Boas, "The Eskimo," _Annual Archaeological Report_, 1905, Toronto (1906), p. 112 ff.

[815] A. G. Morice, "Notes on the Western Denes," _Trans. Canadian Inst._ IV. 1895; "The Western Denes," _Proc. Canadian Inst._ XXV. (3rd Series, VII.) 1890; "The Canadian Denes," _Ann. Arch. Rep. 1905_ (1906), p. 187.

[816] From the Nootka word _potlatsh_, "giving" or "a gift," so called because these great winter ceremonials were especially marked by the giving away of quant.i.ties of goods, commonly blankets. Cf. J. R. Swanton in _Handbook of American Indians_ (F. W. Hodge, editor), 1910.

[817] Besides C. Wissler, _loc. cit._ p. 457 and A. G. Morice, _loc.

cit._, cf. J. Jette, _Journ. Roy. Anthr. Inst._ x.x.xVII. 1907, p. 157; C.

Hill-Tout, _British North America_, 1907; and G. T. Emmons, "The Tahltan Indians," _Anthr. Pub. University of Pennsylvania_, IV. 1, 1911.

[818] C. Wissler, _loc. cit._ p. 454.

[819] J. G. Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, III. 1910, p. 319.

[820] _Loc. cit._ p. 333.

[821] See p. 367.

[822] F. Boas, _Brit. a.s.s. Reports_, 1885-98; _Social Organisation of the Kwakiutl Indians_, 1897; A. P. Niblack, "The Coast Indians," _U.S.

Nat. Mus. Report_, 1898.

[823] For this area consult J. Teit, "The Thompson Indians of British Columbia," "The Lillooet Indians," and "The Shushwap," in _Memoirs, Am.

Mus. Nat. Hist._ Vol. II. 4, 1900; Vol. IV. 5, 1906; and Vol. IV. 7, 1909; F. Boas, "The Salish Tribes of the Interior of British Columbia,"

_Ann. Arch. Rep._ 1905 (Toronto, 1906); C. Hill-Tout, "The Salish Tribes of the Coast and Lower Fraser Delta," _Ann. Arch. Rep._ 1905 (Toronto, 1906); H. J. Spinden, "The Nez Perces Indians," _Memoirs, Am. Anth.

a.s.s._ II. 3, 1908; R. H. Lowie, "The Northern Shoshone," _Anth. Papers, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist._ II. 2, 1908; A. B. Lewis, "Tribes of the Columbia Valley," etc., _Memoirs, Am. Anth. a.s.s._ I. 2, 1906.

[824] C. Hill-Tout, _British North America_, 1907, p. 37.

[825] _Loc. cit._ p. 50.

[826] _Loc. cit._ pp. 158-9.

[827] A. L. Kroeber, "Types of Indian Culture in California,"

_University of California Publications Am. Arch. and Eth._ II. 3, 1904; cf. also the special anthropological publications of the University of California.

[828] _Loc. cit._ p. 81 ff.

[829] P. S. Spartman, _University of California Publications, Am. Arch.

and Eth._ VIII. 1908, p. 221 ff.; A. L. Kroeber, "Types of Indian Culture in California," _ibid._ II. 1904, p. 81 ff.

[830] A. L. Kroeber, _ibid._ VIII. 1908, p. 72.

[831] C. G. DuBois, "The Religion of the Luiseno Indians," _tom. cit._ p. 73 ff.

[832] Dakota is the name of the largest division of the Siouan linguistic family, commonly called Sioux; Santee, Yankton and Teton const.i.tuting, with the a.s.siniboin, the four main dialects.

[833] See note 4, p. 370.

[834] _Wakonda_ is the term employed "when the power believed to animate all natural forms is spoken to or spoken of in supplications or rituals"

by many tribes of the Siouan family. _Manito_ is the Algonquian name for "the mysterious and unknown potencies and powers of life and of the universe." "_Wakonda_," says Miss Fletcher, "is difficult to define, for exact terms change it from its native uncrystallized condition to something foreign to aboriginal thought. Vague as the concept seems to be to one of another race, to the Indian it is as real and as mysterious as the starry night or the flush of the coming day," "Handbook of American Indians" (ed. F. W. Hodge), _Bur. Am. Eth. Bull._ 30, 1907.

[835] See G. A. Dorsey, "Handbook of American Indians" (ed. F. W.

Hodge), _Bur. Am. Eth. Bull._ 30, 1907.

[836] G. B. Grinnell points out that the personal torture often a.s.sociated with the ceremonies has no connection with them, but represents the fulfilment of individual vows. "The Cheyenne Medicine Lodge," _Am. Anth._ XVI. 1914, p. 245.

[837] See G. A. Dorsey, "Arapaho Sun Dance," _Pub. Field Col. Mus.

Anth._ IV. 4 (Chicago), 1903; "The Cheyenne," _tom. cit._ IX. 1905.

[838] A. C. Fletcher, in "Handbook of American Indians" (ed. F. W.

Hodge), _Bur. Am. Eth.,_ Bull. 30, 1907; _Am. Anth._ IV. 4, 1902; "The Hako, a p.a.w.nee Ceremony," _22nd Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Eth. 1900-1_, 2 (1904); G. A. Dorsey, "Traditions of the Skidi p.a.w.nee," _Mem. Am.

Folklore Soc._ VIII. 1904.

[839] From _siksinam_ "black," and _ka_, the root of _oqkatsh_ "foot."

The origin of the name is commonly given as referring to the blackening of their moccasins by the ashes of the prairie fires.

[840] J. Mooney, "Handbook of American Indians" (ed. F. W. Hodge), _Bur.

Am. Eth._, Bull. 30, 1907; C. Wissler, "Material culture of the Blackfoot Indians," _Anth. Papers, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist._ V. 1, 1910; J.

W. Schultz, _My Life as an Indian_, 1907.

[841] A. L. Kroeber. "The Arapaho," _Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist._ XVIII.

1900; G. A. Dorsey and A. L. Kroeber, "Traditions of the Arapaho," _Pub.

Field Col. Mus. Anth._ V. 1903; G. A. Dorsey, "Arapaho Sun Dance," _ib._ IV. 1903.

[842] J. Mooney, "The Ghost Dance Religion," _14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Am.

Eth._ 1896.

[843] G. A. Dorsey, "The Cheyenne," _Pub. Field Col. Mus. Anth._ IX.

1905; G. B. Grinnell, "Social organisation of the Cheyennes," _Rep. Int.

Cong. Am._ XIII. 1902.

[844] Consult the following: A. C. Parker, "Iroquois uses of Maize and other Food Plants," Bull. 144, _University of California Pub., Arch. and Eth._ VII. 4, 1909; W. J. Hoffman, "The Menomini Indians," _14th Ann.

Rep. Bur. Am. Eth. 1892-3_, I. (1896); A. E. Jenks, "The Wild Rice Gatherers of the Upper Lakes," _19th Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Eth. 1897-8_, II. (1912); A. F. Chamberlain, "The Kootenay Indians and Indians of the Eastern Provinces of Canada," _Ann. Arch. Rep. 1905_ (1906); A. Skinner, "Notes on the Eastern Cree and Northern Saulteaux," _Anth. Papers, Am.

Mus. Nat. Hist._ IX. 1, 1911; _The Indians of Greater New York_, 1914; J. N. B. Hewitt, "Iroquoian Cosmology," _21st Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Eth._ 1899-1900 (1903), etc.

[845] For the Foxes (properly Musquakie) see M. A. Owen, _Folklore of the Musquakie Indians_, 1904.

[846] C. Wissler, _loc. cit._ p. 459.