=Backing press.= A press having vertical steel plates brought together with a screw. When the book is placed in it with the back slightly projecting it can be backed in exactly the same way as if backing boards were used.

=Band-driver.= Used in forwarding to eliminate irregularities of raised bands.

=Band nipper.= Pincers used after leather has been put on over raised bands in order to straighten them.

=Banding.= Decorating by means of horizontal stripes.

=Bark skiver.= Tanned with oak bark.

=b.a.s.t.a.r.d t.i.tle.= See Half t.i.tle.

=Beading.= Small twist or roll formed when winding the cotton or silk in head-banding.

=Beating.= Process of flattening and smoothing out the folded sheets to make the leaves lie closely together.

=Beating hammer.= Heavy, short-handled hammer used for beating books to make the leaves lie closely together.

=Beating stone.= Stone or iron bed on which books are beaten.

=Beveled boards.= Heavy boards with beveled edges, sometimes used for the sides of very heavy or large books.

=Binder.= 1. Case used for the temporary protection of pamphlets and periodicals. Can be detached and used on succeeding numbers. 2. One whose business it is to bind books.

=Binder's t.i.tle.= t.i.tle lettered on the back of a book. Frequently differs from that on the t.i.tle page.

=Binder's board.= See Boards.

=Binding slip.= Sheet of paper containing instructions to the binder inserted in each book sent to the bindery.

=Blanks.= Books with blank leaves of good paper used for keeping records which are more or less permanent. The binding of such books is a special trade.

=Bleed.= When books are trimmed so that part of the print is cut off they are said to bleed.

=Blind-tooled.= Books on which impressions have been made by tools without the use of gilt are blind-tooled. Sometimes called "Antique"

tooling.

=Block.= The solid metal stamp used for impressing a design on a book cover.

=Blocking.= Stamping the design in gold or other material on book covers.

=Blocking press.= Used in stamping designs on cloth book covers or back.

Known also as stamping press and arming press.

=Board papers.= The parts of end papers pasted to the boards.

=Board shears.= Heavy shears with a gauge, for cutting boards for the sides of books.

=Boards.= Boards for the sides of books are called cloth board, binder's board, mill board, tar board. They are called boards in the full size and also when cut for sides.

=Bodkin.= An awl used for punching holes in boards through which the bands are laced.

=Body.= Main part of the book, from Chapter I to the end of the text.

=Bolt.= The folded edge of signatures at the head, fore edge and tail of books.

=Book card=, or =Book slip=. Card kept in the book, used in charging the book when it is borrowed.

=Book label.= See Label.

=Book pocket.= A pocket made of paper, generally pasted on the last fly-leaf to hold the book card when the book is on the shelf, or to hold the reader's card when the book is borrowed.

=Bosses.= Metal ornaments fastened on the boards of books.

=Broken.= 1. Paper folded over. 2. The back of a book which has been cracked open from head to tail is broken.

=Broken up (or over).= Plates are broken up when they are folded over a short distance from the back before being placed in the book.

=Burnish.= The gloss produced by the application of a burnisher to the edges of a book.

=Burnisher.= Piece of agate or blood-stone set in handles and used to produce a gloss on the edges of books.

=Calendered paper.= Paper with a highly polished surface.

=Cancels.= Leaves containing errors which are to be replaced with corrected pages. The replacements are frequently marked with an asterisk.

=Canvas.= Same as duck. See page 80.

=Caps.= Coverings which protect the edges of books during the processes of covering and finishing.

=Case.= 1. A cover for a book made independently of the book, i. e. the boards are not laced in. 2. Cover made to fit over book already bound in order to protect it.

=Case bindings.= Books in which the boards and covering materials are made into a case and the book glued into it. Term generally applied to commercial work, which is practically all done by machinery.

=Casing-in.= The operation of putting a sewed and forwarded book into its case.

=Catchword.= In old books and in a few modern books the first word of a page is printed under the last line on the preceding page. This is called the catchword.

=Center tools.= Specially-cut tools for ornamenting the centers of panels.

=Circuit edges.= Projecting flexible covers turned over to protect the leaves of the book. Used almost wholly on Bibles and prayer books.

Sometimes called divinity edges.

=Clasp.= A catch for fastening the covers of a book together.

=Clearing-out.= The process of removing the waste paper and paring away superfluous leather on the inside of the covers before pasting down end papers.

=Cloth boards.= 1. Boards covered with cloth. 2. Boards used for the sides are sometimes called cloth boards instead of mill boards.