TO THE TEACHER.--It would be well to require the pupils, in studying and in reciting these lists of irregular verbs, to frame short sentences ill.u.s.trating the proper use of the past tense and the past participle, _e.g._ I _began_ yesterday; He has _begun_ to do better. In this way the pupils will be saved the mechanical labor of memorizing forms which they already know how to use, and they will be led to correct what has been faulty in their use of other forms.

+Remarks.+--Verbs that have both a regular and an irregular form are called +Redundant.+

Verbs that are wanting in any of their parts, as _can_ and _may,_ are called +Defective.+

The present participle is not here given as a princ.i.p.al part. It may always be formed from the present tense by adding _ing._

In adding _ing_ and other terminations, the Rules for Spelling (see Lesson 127) should be observed.

The forms below in Italics are regular; and those in smaller type are obsolete, and need not be committed to memory.

_Present. Past. Past Par._ Abide, abode, abode.

Awake, awoke, _awaked.

awaked._ Be _or_ am, was, been.

Bear, bore, born, (_bring forth_) bare, borne.

Bear, bore, borne.

(_carry_) bare, Beat, beat, beaten, beat.

Begin, began, begun.

Bend, bent, bent, _bended, bended._ Bereave, bereft, bereft, _bereaved, bereaved._ Beseech, besought, besought.

Bet, bet, bet, _betted, betted._ Bid, bade, bid, bidden, bid.

Bind, bound, bound.

Bite, bit, bitten, bit.

Bleed, bled, bled.

Blend, blent, blent, _blended, blended._ Bless, blest, blest, blessed, blessed.

Blow, blew, blown.

Break, broke, broken.

brake, Breed, bred, bred.

Bring, brought, brought.

Build, built, built.

Burn burnt, burnt, burned, burned.

Burst, burst, burst.

Buy, bought, bought.

Can,[1] could, -----.

Cast, cast, cast.

Catch, caught, caught.

Chide, chid, chidden, chid.

Choose, chose, chosen.

Cleave, _cleaved, cleaved._ (_adhere_) clave, Cleave cleft, cleft, (_split_) clove, cloven, clave, _cleaved._ Cling, clung, clung.

Clothe, clad, clad, _clothed clothed._ (Be)Come, came, come.

Cost, cost, cost.

Creep, crept, crept.

Crow crew, _crowed._ _crowed_, Cut, cut, cut.

Dare, durst, _dared_.

(_venture_) _dared_, Deal, dealt, dealt.

Dig, dug, dug, _digged_, _digged._ Do, did, done.

Draw, drew, drawn.

Dream, dreamt, dreamt, _dreamed, dreamed._ Dress drest, drest, _dressed, dressed._ Drink, drank, drunk.

Drive, drove, driven.

Dwell dwelt, dwelt, _dwelled, dwelled._ Eat, ate, eaten.

(Be) Fall, fell, fallen.

Feed, fed, fed.

Feel, felt, felt.

Fight, fought, fought.

Find, found, found.

Flee, fled, fled.

Fling, flung, flung.

Fly, flew, flown.

Forsake, forsook, forsaken.

Forbear, forbore, forborne.

Freeze, froze, frozen.

(For)Get, got, got, gotten.[2]

Gild, gilt, gilt, _gilded, gilded._ Gird, girt, girt, _girded, girded._ (For)Give, gave, given.

Go, went,[3] gone.

(En)Grave _graved, graved,_ graven.

Grind, ground, ground.

Grow, grew, grown.

Hang, hung, hung, _hanged, hanged_.[4]

Have, had, had.

Hear, heard heard.

Heave hove, hove,[5]

_heaved, heaved._ Hew, _hewed, hewed,_ hewn.

Hide, hid, hidden, hid.

Hit, hit, hit.

(Be)Hold, held, held, holden.

Hurt, hurt, hurt.

Keep, kept, kept.

Kneel knelt, knelt, _kneeled, kneeled._ Knit knit, knit, _knitted, knitted._ Know, knew, known.

Lade, _laded, laded,_ (load) laden.

Lay, laid, laid.

Lead, led, led.

[Footnote 1: Can, may, shall, will, must, and ought were originally past forms. This accounts for their having no change in the third person.]

[Footnote 2: Gotten is obsolescent except in forgotten.]

[Footnote 3: _Went_ is the past of _wend,_ to _go_.]

[Footnote 4: _Hang,_ to execute by hanging, is regular.]

[Footnote 5: _Hove_ is used in sea language.]

LESSON 133.

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS--CONTINUED.

_Present. Past. Past Par._