A boil is comparatively small, rounded or ac.u.minate, and has but one point of suppuration; a carbuncle is large, flattened, intensely painful, often with grave systemic disturbance, and has, moreover, several centres of suppuration.

State the prognosis.

When occurring in crops (furunculosis) the affection is often rebellious; recovery, however, finally resulting.

What is the method of treatment of furunculus?

If there be but one lesion, with no tendency to the appearance of others, local treatment alone is usually employed. If, however, several or more are present, or if there is a tendency to successive development, both const.i.tutional and local measures are demanded.

Name the internal remedies employed.

Such nutrients and tonics as cod-liver oil, malt, quinine, strychnia, iron and a.r.s.enic; in some instances calx sulphurata, one-tenth- to one-fourth-grain doses every three or four hours has been thought to be of service. Brewers' yeast has been recently again brought forward as a remedy of value.

What is the external treatment?

Local treatment consists in the beginning, with the hope of aborting the lesion, of the application of carbolic acid to the central portion, or the use of a twenty-five-per-cent. ointment of ichthyol applied as a plaster:--

[Rx] Ichthyol, ............................ [dram]j Emp. plumbi, ........................... [dram]ij Emp. resinae, ........................... [dram]j. M.

Or the injection of a five-per-cent. solution of carbolic acid into the apex of the boil may be tried if the formation is more advanced. If suppuration is fully established, evacuation of the contents, followed by antiseptic applications, const.i.tutes the best method.

A saturated solution of boric acid or a lotion of corrosive sublimate (one to three grains to the ounce) applied to the immediate neighborhood of the boil or boils tends to prevent the formation of new lesions.

Frequent washing of the parts with soap and water or tincture of green soap and water is also a preventive measure of value. In repeatedly infected areas, mild exposures to _x_-rays, at intervals of a few days, will often prove of curative value.

Carbunculus.

(_Synonyms:_ Anthrax; Carbuncle.)

What is carbuncle?

A carbuncle is an acute, usually egg to palm-sized, circ.u.mscribed, phlegmonous inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous structures, terminating in a slough.

At what age and upon what parts is carbuncle usually observed?

In middle and advanced life, and more commonly in men.

It is seen most frequently at the nape of the neck and upon the upper part of the back.

What are the symptoms and course of carbuncle?

There is rarely more than one lesion present. It begins, usually with preceding and accompanying malaise, chilliness and febrile disturbance, as a firm, flat, inflammatory infiltration in the deeper skin and subcutaneous tissue, spreading laterally and finally involving an area of one to several inches in diameter. The infiltration and swelling increase, the skin becomes of dark red color, and sooner or later, usually at the end of ten days or two weeks, softening and suppuration begin to take place, the skin finally giving away at several points, through which sanious pus exudes; the whole ma.s.s finally sloughs away either in portions or in its entirety, resulting in a deep ulcer, which slowly heals and leaves a permanent cicatrix.

In some cases, especially in old people, const.i.tutional disturbance of a grave character is noted, septicaemia is developed, and a fatal result may ensue.

What is the cause of carbuncle?

The same causes are considered to be operative in carbunculus as in furuncle; general debility and depression, from whatever cause, predisposing to its formation, and the introduction of a microbe, probably the same as in furunculus, being at present looked upon as the exciting factor.

What is the pathology?

The inflammation starts simultaneously from numerous points, from the hair-follicles, sweat-glands or sebaceous glands. The inflammatory centres break down, and the pus finds its way to the surface; finally the process ends in gangrene of the whole area.

How would you distinguish carbuncle from a boil?

By its flat character, greater size, and multiple points of suppuration.

What is the prognosis of carbuncle?

Occurring in those greatly debilitated or in late life, and in those cases in which two or more lesions exist, or when seated about the head, the prognosis is always to be guarded, as a fatal result is not uncommon. In fact, in every instance the disease is to be considered of possible serious import.

What const.i.tutional treatment is usually employed in carbuncle?

A full nutritious diet, the use of such remedies as iron, quinia, nux vomica, with malt and stimulants, if indicated. Calx sulphurata, one-tenth to one-fourth grain every two or three hours, appears, in some instances, to have a beneficial effect. If the pain is severe, morphia or chloral should be given.

What external measures are employed?

In the early part of the formation, injection of a five or ten per cent.

carbolic acid solution, or covering the whole area with a twenty-five per cent. ichthyol ointment, may be employed. When it has broken down the pus may be drawn out with a cupping-gla.s.s, and carbolized glycerine or carbolized water introduced into each opening, and the ichthyol ointment superimposed. If the whole part has sloughed, it should be removed as rapidly as possible, and antiseptic dressings used. Or, if its progress is slow, and grave systemic disturbance be present, the whole part may be incised and curetted, and then treated antiseptically.

Mild exposure to the _x_-rays is also to be commended.

Pustula Maligna.

(_Synonyms:_ Anthrax; Malignant Pustule.)

What is malignant pustule?

Malignant pustule is a furuncle- or carbuncle-like lesion resulting from inoculation of the virus generated in animals suffering from splenic fever, or "charbon," and is accompanied by const.i.tutional symptoms of more or less gravity. A fatal termination is not unusual.

What is the cause of pustula maligna?

The disease is due to the presence of the bacillus anthracis.