the ball.

Remark upon the change of letters.

The most important changes which the scholar is advised attentively to study to avoid ambiguity are these:

l.a Roots beginning by c or qu, changes in composition these letters into g, as: To see, Quita nan-gita.

2.a When the first syllable is b or p, it is changed into m, and those beginning with m, retain this letter, but the particle drops the final n, as: To make--Buhat, namuhat: To speak, Po-long, namolong: To grow dark--Molat, namolat.

3.a When the initials are d, s, or t, change the said syllables into n, and the component particle drops the n, thus: To be angry, Tuyo, nanuyo.--To cry, Singgit, naninggit--To visit, Duao, nanuao.

Exercise XV.

Why do you open the door?--Do you not see how it smokes here?--I see it, but you must open the window instead of opening the door--The window does not open easily; that is the reason why I open the door--When will you shut it?--I will shut it as soon as the smoke is gone--Is it useful to speak much?--When we wish to learn a foreign language it is useful to speak a great deal--Is it as useful to write as to speak?--It is more useful to speak than to write; but in order to learn a language one must do both--Is it useful to write all that one says?--That is useless--Where did you take this book from?--I took it out of the room of your friend--Is it right to take the books of other people?--It is not right, I know; but I wanted it, and I hope that your friend will not be displeased, for I will return it to him as soon as I have read it.

SIXTEENTH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLES PA AND IGA.

PA.

The particle Pa which is also an adverb of time and mood, and signifies yet, still, notwithstanding, has a very important place in the Bisaya dialect, and is sometimes used only redundantly, to give more force to the sentence.

For the benefit of learners, we shall explain it here, before speaking of the verbals particles to which is joined to form the sentences.

l.a Before some verbs has the signification of to wish, to try, to desire and to allow that the signification of the root may take place on the subject, as:

The haughty wishes to be requested Ang palabilabihon pa-ampo by everybody. guihapon.

Father, give me only the Pahilog lamang aco, Pare.

Extremaunction.

I want to have some money so as to Pahatag man aco ug salapi nga buy a fine shirt, and they give me igapalit co ug usa ca maanindat not, for they say, it is vanity. nga sinina, ug dili aco taga-an cay parayeg cono.

2.a Before nouns of place signifies to go there, as:

Where are you going? Asa icao paingon?

I turn to home. Pauli aco sa amo.

Where will you go, when you die? Sa pagcamatay mo, asa icao pa-ingon?

I shall ascend into heaven. Palangit aco gayud.

3.a It is employed also as a joining conjunction, and in this case, is used to exaggerate the phrase, placing the thing or the object refers to, before; thus:

You also deceive me? Icao pa nagalimbong canaco?

He is a gambler and thief. Sia sugarol man ug caoatan pa.

He is sick and does play. Nagalingaolingao sia ug nasaquit pa man.

4.a Bisan pa ngani, answers to the English conjunctions though, notwithstanding, for all that &.

Ex:

Although they allow me not to Bisan pa ngani dili aco pa sugal play, I will play. nila. musugal aco gayud.

Although they may punish me, I Bisan pa ngani latuson aco nila, will have not answer. dili aco mutingog.

5.a Serves also to point out the beginning and the end of an action, Ex:

I was called, when I had just Igo pa aco miabut, guitaoag aco arrived. nila.

IGA or ICA.

These particles signify the instrument, tool, or mean with which a thing is done. They answer to the future of the passive mood, Ex:

This is the axe with which you Mao quini ang oasay nga iga or have to cut the tree. icaputul mo sa cahuy.

But for. Ug dili pa unta.

But for he is a gambler this man Quining tao maingoningon ug bu-utan would be so good as your sa igsoon mo, ug dili pa unta sia brother. nga sugarol.

If you allow me, I will teach Acoy magato-on canimo ug quinachila, you Spanish. ug tugutan pa aco.

Exercise XVI.

This man has altered a great deal--Where did you be born?--I will not to answer you--If you do not make your appearance before him, I will not speak to him--How is this said?--That can not be said in Bisaya--Children must be accustomed early to the labor--I am accustomed to write--I cannot express myself in Bisaya. because I am not in the habit of speaking it--The man laughs and weeps by turns--If I knew what you have done.... will you allow me to go to the shore?--I do not permit you to go there--Do it in haste--Why does Ferdinand complain of his wife?--Thomas complains of Fructuosa and Fructuosa of Thomas --Who is right?--They are both wrong, for Thomas wishes to take Fructuosa's toys and Fructuosa Thomas's.