{Sidenote: Colombia}

Colombia, under the Const.i.tution and law of 1886, and the civil code of 1873 and penal code of 1890, protects copyright, including playright, for life and eighty years, and for the legal existence of a corporate body, with the provision as in Spain respecting natural heirs.

Registration is required within a year from publication or performance, at the Ministry of Public Education, with deposit of three copies, one for the Ministry and two for the National Library. If a work is not registered within the year, it falls into the public domain for ten years, but can thereafter be protected by registration within the succeeding year. Non-Colombian authors seem not to enjoy protection of the right of translation for a work printed in a country of foreign language. Colombia has treaties with Spain (1885) on the "most favored nation" basis, Italy (1892) and Switzerland (1908).

{Sidenote: Venezuela}

Venezuela, under the law of 1894 and penal code of 1897, protects copyright including playright in perpetuity, the publisher being considered the author in the case of anonymous and pseudonymous works pending legal proof of the ident.i.ty of the author. In posthumous works protection is in perpetuity to the heirs or a.s.signs. The right is secured by request to the district governor or state president for the issue of a patent with registry of t.i.tle and verbal oath that the work has not been previously published within Venezuela or elsewhere; the patent certificate must be printed on the back of the t.i.tle-page, and must be published at least four times in the official gazette. Deposit must be made of six copies at the Registry, two copies going to the Minister of Agriculture for the National Library. Protection is not specifically confined to Venezuelans, and seems to depend on first publication, but a.s.signment to a citizen of Venezuela may be desirable.

Venezuela has no foreign relations.

XXII

BUSINESS RELATIONS OF COPYRIGHT: AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER

{Sidenote: Copyrights in their business relations}

Business relations, founded on copyright, are chiefly those between author and publisher. These relations involve questions, not so much of copyright law in itself, as of the law of contract and other statutory and common law provisions. There has been more or less desire on the part of authors to include business relations within copyright statutes, and in fact the recommendations of the American (Authors) Copyright League to the initial copyright conference of 1905 covered several points of business law, as for instance the right of an author to recover possession of his work from the publisher in case the publisher failed to keep it in print, or the right to prevent a.s.signment of publication rights to a publisher unsatisfactory to the author. It was, however, determined, both in the conferences and by the Congressional Committees, to omit as far as practicable from the copyright law all questions of business relationship, and to leave these to specific contracts between author and publisher or to the general provisions of law. The law, whether as to copyright or other matters, should afford a basis of certainty for business, but it cannot wisely interfere with freedom of contract between the parties to a business transaction.

{Sidenote: The German publishing law of 1901}

{Sidenote: Editions}

{Sidenote: Alterations}

American and English statutes accordingly make no special regulation of the calling of publisher. Provision is, however, made in some continental countries for the regulation of publishing and publishers, as in Germany, where a law of June 19, 1901, pa.s.sed coincidently with the general copyright code, covers this field in remarkable detail. It provides that the author, during the continuance of the publishing contract within the copyright period, may not reproduce or distribute the work otherwise than through the publisher, except in translation, dramatization (or if a play, novelization) or elaboration of a musical work which is not merely a transposition or arrangement. The author is privileged to include his work in a collected edition twenty years after publication, or an article from a collective work after one year; and the publisher may not republish in such form under the contract. Unless otherwise specified, the publisher is ent.i.tled to print only one edition, if undefined one thousand copies, in addition to extra copies for replacing damaged copies and not more than five per cent free copies; destroyed copies may be replaced on notice to author.

Opportunity for revision must be afforded to the author in new editions.

Alterations are permitted to the author before reproduction and at his expense during the progress of the work, but he cannot be charged for alterations necessitated by new circ.u.mstances. The publisher may not make alterations or abbreviation of text or t.i.tle, except those to which the author cannot fairly refuse consent.

{Sidenote: Issuance of work}

The publisher must issue the work in suitable form in accordance with the customs of the trade and the character of the book, and immediately after receipt of the complete work or completed separate part. The publisher must take measures to keep the book in stock. He is not bound to produce a new edition, but if on request from the author he fails to do so, the publishing right reverts to the author. The publisher may cancel the contract, if the purpose of a work no longer exists, on payment of remuneration to the author. Proof for correction must be furnished to the author.

{Sidenote: Price and remuneration}

The publisher may fix and reasonably reduce the price, but can raise it only with consent of the author. If remuneration is not specified, an equitable payment is required, and the remuneration is due on the delivery or on the appearance of the work, or if determined by sale, then yearly, with opportunity to the author to verify the account from the publisher's books. The author is ent.i.tled to free copies to the extent of one per cent of the edition, but not less than five nor more than fifteen, and to additional copies at the lowest trade price. The author is ent.i.tled to return of his ma.n.u.script after reproduction, if stipulated at the beginning.

{Sidenote: a.s.signment}

The publisher may a.s.sign, in the absence of agreement, but not for separate works; though for this last, consent cannot unreasonably be withheld and may be presumed if the author does not reply within two months to a demand; and the a.s.signee becomes, jointly with the original publisher, liable to the author for future performance of the contract.

When a contract is completed by the issue of specified editions or copies, the publisher is bound to notify the author, and if the contract is for a definite time, the publisher is not ent.i.tled to distribute remaining copies after that time. In case of delay in the contracted delivery of the work, the publisher, after a reasonable extension of time, may decline the work, unless delay involves only insignificant loss; and in case the work is not of stipulated quality, the publisher may also cancel the contract or require damages for non-fulfillment. The author has a.n.a.logous rights as against the publisher.

{Sidenote: Accidental destruction}

{Sidenote: Delivery}

If the work is accidentally destroyed after delivery to the publisher, the author is ent.i.tled to remuneration, but the contract terminates; but the author must, if practicable, rewrite it for additional remuneration or may reproduce it gratuitously and require publication. Like rights may be enforced by either party in case of destruction for which the other is responsible. Delivery is implied when the publisher is placed in position to accept the work. If the author dies after delivery of part of his work, the publisher may maintain his rights in the part delivered on specified notice to heirs; and if the author is absolutely prevented from completing his work, the publisher has like right to the portion already prepared. The author may withdraw from his contract before reproduction of his work or a new edition is begun, if justified by unforeseen circ.u.mstances, on remuneration of publisher's expenses; but if he publishes elsewhere within a year, he must also pay damages for non-fulfillment of contract to the original publisher, unless the latter has declined to resume the contract.

{Sidenote: Bankruptcy of publisher}

{Sidenote: Non-copyright work}

The relations of a publisher in case of bankruptcy are specifically treated, and the regulations of the civil code and general legal principles are specifically applied to cancellation of publishing contracts. On a non-copyright work, an author must not conceal from the publisher that he cannot transfer exclusive right of publication; but the author must act toward the publisher as though the work were copyrighted, at least until six months after publication.

{Sidenote: Articles in periodicals}

The law is made applicable to articles in periodicals or portions of collective works. An article in a newspaper is at the disposal of the author immediately after publication; an article in other periodicals after one year, unless exclusive continuing right has been sold to the publisher. A publisher is free to make usual alterations in an unsigned article. The author of an article may cancel his contract and obtain remuneration in case it is not published within a year after delivery, but damages can be claimed only in case a time of publication has been named by the publisher. The author of a newspaper article has no claim to free copies or special terms. In the case of a work planned by the publisher, or a collaborative, supplementary or collective work commissioned by the publisher, the publisher is not bound to reproduce and distribute the work. The law is made applicable in case the contract with the publisher is made by another than the author. Appeal is authorized to the Supreme Court of the Empire.

It is impracticable to cite all the details of this extraordinarily detailed law, but the provisions summarized afford a remarkable conspectus of German practice on business questions possibly arising between author and publisher, useful in relation to American and English practice.

{Sidenote: The publisher as merchant}

{Sidenote: "Outright" transfer}

The publisher is the merchant for the author, and the remuneration which he can pay to the author is limited by the price and sale which he can obtain from the book-buying public. The relation between author and publisher should be, as previously emphasized, most fully, clearly and specifically set forth in the initial contract. "Agreements between author and publishers," said Vice Chancellor Page Wood in 1857 in Reade _v._ Bentley, "a.s.sume a variety of forms. Some are so clear and explicit that no doubt can arise upon them. Thus, where an author a.s.signs his copyright, the transaction is one which every person understands, and which leaves no room for uncertainty as to the rights of the parties."

The work may indeed be transferred "outright" without written contract, by the delivery of the ma.n.u.script and payment of a bargained sum, in which case the publisher becomes the proprietor and may take out the copyright in his own name or that of the author, can a.s.sign the work and treat it entirely as though his own, except that he cannot alter it to the detriment of the author's reputation. But even in "outright" sale, a specific contract is desirable and is indeed necessary if the author is to agree with the publisher to apply for renewal and include the added period in the term.

{Sidenote: "Joint adventure"}

More usually, the contract between author and publisher is on the basis of a specified royalty--usual in America, or "half profits,"--more common in England, in which case the relation is not that of partnership but of a "joint adventure" terminable on notice unless it is made for a stated time, or for one or more editions, of a specified number of copies, or under other limiting conditions. In such case the expenses of publication may be borne by the publisher, or the author may pay for the plates or for the edition, and receive correspondingly larger return.

Unless there is actual or constructive partnership, the publisher, and not the author, is liable for paper, printing, and like accounts. Or the publisher may be simply the agent of the author in manufacturing his book and selling for a stated commission. A contract of publication usually implies exclusive right, but an author may contract with several publishers under a license agreement; and on the compulsory license system, often miscalled the "royalty plan," he must permit any publisher, who will pay him the license royalty, to issue the work.

{Sidenote: Risk and profit}

It is by means of the profit on successful books that the publisher is able to take risks with new books and new authors. It has been said that of five books, three fail, one covers its cost, the fifth must pay a profit to cover the rest. The element of risk in the book business is, in fact, very large; if the author complains that his successful book ought not to pay for others' unsuccessful books, he can get over the difficulty by taking the risk himself.

{Sidenote: Long price and "net" price}

{Sidenote: Equities}

The publisher usually sells to the public through the retail trade at a stated retail price, which may be either long price, in which case the high price and large trade discount permit a discount to the public, or "net" price, a lower price with less discount, which the bookseller is expected to maintain. The practice of issuing books at "net" price is growing, in the belief that through this policy larger sales are made and the publisher's gains and the author's royalties fairly balance. On the average, the publisher probably gets less per volume than the author, and the system is essentially on an equitable basis. The publisher's larger returns come from the fact that he handles more books than any one author writes. The publisher has usually, in bargaining with the author, the advantage of larger experience and superior business ability, and of the fact that the author seeks him rather than he the author; but no law can better the author in these respects. As a matter of practice, the better publishing houses treat with new authors on the same basis as with old, through a standard form of contract.

{Sidenote: The literary agent}

The author sometimes employs the "literary agent" as an intermediary in finding a publisher, especially for a first book, and in making arrangements with the publisher, for which the agent expects a stated payment or a proportion of the author's returns. The advantages of such intermediaries are offset by many disadvantages, and the best publishing houses treat an author as liberally and fairly in direct as through intermediate relations. In any event, the contract should be made and signed directly between author and publisher, as a third-party contract, or a double contract between author and agent and agent and publisher, presents serious complication in the event of future differences. The agent should not be given any lien on future works by the author. The literary agent cannot accept conditions or make sale beyond the authority given him by the author, and an innocent publisher may be held responsible for acts beyond that authority, as in the English case of Heinemann _v._ Smart Set Pub. Co., in 1909, where the defendants had bought "serial rights" with leave to condense into one number, which the agent had no authority to grant.

{Sidenote: Usual American contract}

In the publishing contract usual in America, the author "grants and a.s.signs" to the publishers the stated work, undertaking either to copyright it himself or authorizing the publishers to enter copyright in their name, or as his attorneys in his name. The contract usually includes all translations, abridgments, selections, dramatizations, etc., or specifically reserves those to the author, the publishers in the first case agreeing to share profits or otherwise remunerate the author on such special forms. The author is expected to guarantee that he is sole owner of the work and has full power to make the grant, that the work is not a violation of any other copyright and that it is free from scandalous or libelous matter.

{Sidenote: Publishers' obligations}

The publishers undertake to publish the work in such style as they deem best suited to its sale, at their own expense, unless the author contracts to pay for the plates or for other publishing costs, and usually agree to account for sales semi-yearly or yearly and to make payments within four months thereafter. The royalty is usually based on the trade-list (retail) price, on the cloth or ordinary binding, or the style of binding in which the largest number of copies shall have been sold. It is frequently stipulated that on paper-bound copies, or editions or copies for schools or subscription sale, or a foreign market, or otherwise sold at a reduced price, the royalty shall be reduced, and that on press and other free copies no royalty shall be paid. When an author pays the cost of the edition or pays for making the plates, he may contract to pay a commission to the publisher and obtain the balance for himself, or he may contract for a larger percentage of return to him than the usual royalty percentage. The publishers are usually authorized to permit the printing of selections and to arrange for translations, etc., subject to the arrangement indicated above. The author is expected to pay for alterations either in full or above a stated sum, as fifty dollars, and to provide any index or like equipment if required.

{Sidenote: Reversion of contract}

Insurance is not usually required from the publishers, but in case of fire or loss, the publishers have the option of reproducing the work, and if they decline to do so, the contract usually provides for reconveyance of the copyright to the author and the termination of the agreement after the sale of copies remaining on hand. A publishing contract sometimes provides that after a specified time from date of publication, as two or five years, if the publishers consider that the public demand does not justify continuing publication, or for other reasons, they may offer to surrender their publishing rights on compensation for the plates, as at half cost, and remaining copies, as at cost, and if the author does not elect to accept this offer, then the publishers may sell copies on hand free from royalty and terminate the agreement, the copyright reverting to the author. The publishers are usually authorized, in their discretion, to protect the copyright by legal proceedings at their expense or at joint expense of publishers and author.