58 For the possibility that Peter's death in Rome is less secure than that of Paul, see pp. 110-11. For the earliest a.s.sertions that Peter was Bishop of Rome, in the mid-fourth century, see p. 294. For the possibility that Peter's death in Rome is less secure than that of Paul, see pp. 110-11. For the earliest a.s.sertions that Peter was Bishop of Rome, in the mid-fourth century, see p. 294.

59 The first church building on the site, apart from a small shrine, was put up probably as late as 354; and for a useful summary history, including the disastrous fire and almost equally disastrous rebuilding of 1823, see M. Webb, The first church building on the site, apart from a small shrine, was put up probably as late as 354; and for a useful summary history, including the disastrous fire and almost equally disastrous rebuilding of 1823, see M. Webb, The Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian Rome The Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian Rome (Brighton and Portland, 2001), 207-13. (Brighton and Portland, 2001), 207-13.

60 Cartlidge and Elliott, Cartlidge and Elliott, Art and the Christian Apocrypha Art and the Christian Apocrypha, 135.

61 The evidence for the excavated shrine being the actual grave of St Peter is strong but not absolutely conclusive: see J. Toynbee and J. Ward-Perkins, The evidence for the excavated shrine being the actual grave of St Peter is strong but not absolutely conclusive: see J. Toynbee and J. Ward-Perkins, The Shrine of St Peter and the Vatican Excavations The Shrine of St Peter and the Vatican Excavations (London, 1956), 127-8, 133, 155-61. (London, 1956), 127-8, 133, 155-61.

62 Frend, 130, 146-7. Frend, 130, 146-7.

63 A. Hastings, '150-550', in Hastings (ed.), 25-65, at 30. A. Hastings, '150-550', in Hastings (ed.), 25-65, at 30.

64 Brakke, 'Self-differentiation among Christian Groups', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 245-60, at 255-6. Brakke, 'Self-differentiation among Christian Groups', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 245-60, at 255-6.

65 Stringer, 67-8. For imitation of this stational worship in the later West, see p. 347, and in Byzantium, see p. 193. Stringer, 67-8. For imitation of this stational worship in the later West, see p. 347, and in Byzantium, see p. 193.

66 V. Fiocchi Nicolai, F. Bisconti and D. Mazzoleni, V. Fiocchi Nicolai, F. Bisconti and D. Mazzoleni, The Christian Catacombs of Rome: History, Decoration, Inscriptions The Christian Catacombs of Rome: History, Decoration, Inscriptions (Regensburg, 1999), 165. (Regensburg, 1999), 165.

67 J. Stevenson, J. Stevenson, The Catacombs: Rediscovered Monuments of Early Christianity The Catacombs: Rediscovered Monuments of Early Christianity (London, 1978), 31-2. (London, 1978), 31-2.

68 W. Tabbernee, W. Tabbernee, Fake Prophecy and Polluted Sacraments: Ecclesiastical and Imperial Reactions to Montanism Fake Prophecy and Polluted Sacraments: Ecclesiastical and Imperial Reactions to Montanism (Leiden and Boston, 2007), 399-400. Tabbernee was among the rediscovery team (ibid., ix, xxix, 116, 258-9); his book is now the best overview of Montanism. (Leiden and Boston, 2007), 399-400. Tabbernee was among the rediscovery team (ibid., ix, xxix, 116, 258-9); his book is now the best overview of Montanism.

69 I. Backus, I. Backus, Reformation Readings of the Apocalypse: Geneva, Zurich and Wittenberg Reformation Readings of the Apocalypse: Geneva, Zurich and Wittenberg (Oxford, 2000), xii; I. Backus, (Oxford, 2000), xii; I. Backus, Historical Method and Confessional Ident.i.ty in the Era of the Reformation (1378-1615) Historical Method and Confessional Ident.i.ty in the Era of the Reformation (1378-1615) (Leiden, 2003), 131-4, 148-52. On radicals, mainstream Protestants and the Last Days, see pp. 623-4 and 772-4. (Leiden, 2003), 131-4, 148-52. On radicals, mainstream Protestants and the Last Days, see pp. 623-4 and 772-4. 70 70 This is a case well argued in A. Stewart-Sykes, 'The Original Condemnation of Asian Montanism', This is a case well argued in A. Stewart-Sykes, 'The Original Condemnation of Asian Montanism', JEH JEH, 50 (1999), 1-22.

71 G. Salmon in W. Smith and H. Wace (eds.), G. Salmon in W. Smith and H. Wace (eds.), Dictionary of Christian Biography Dictionary of Christian Biography (4 vols., London, 1877-87), III, 941, s.v. Monta.n.u.s. (4 vols., London, 1877-87), III, 941, s.v. Monta.n.u.s.

72 Colossians 2.8. Colossians 2.8.

73 A. Lukyn Williams (ed.), A. Lukyn Williams (ed.), Dialogue with Trypho the Jew Dialogue with Trypho the Jew (London, 1930), 4-20 [Chs. 2-9]. (London, 1930), 4-20 [Chs. 2-9].

74 Ibid., 127 [Ch. 61]. For Philo's use of Ibid., 127 [Ch. 61]. For Philo's use of logos logos, see Barrett (ed.), 262-5.

75 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 120. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 120.

76 Ibid., 167. Ibid., 167.

77 Cf. ibid., 164, 176. Cf. ibid., 164, 176.

78 For Tertullian's use of ' For Tertullian's use of 'trinitas', see M. Wellstein, Nova Verba in Tertullians Schriften gegen die Haretiker aus montanistischer Zeit Nova Verba in Tertullians Schriften gegen die Haretiker aus montanistischer Zeit (Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1999), 218-20. (Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1999), 218-20.

79 Lukyn Williams (ed.), Lukyn Williams (ed.), Dialogue with Trypho the Jew Dialogue with Trypho the Jew, 113 [56.11].

80 Brakke, 'Self-differentiation among Christian groups', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 255-6; F. M. Young, 'Monotheism and Christology', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 452-69, at 461. Brakke, 'Self-differentiation among Christian groups', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 255-6; F. M. Young, 'Monotheism and Christology', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 452-69, at 461.

81 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 184, 186. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 184, 186.

82 Eusebius, 257 [VI.11.6]. Eusebius, 257 [VI.11.6].

83 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 180. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 180.

84 Ibid., 184. Ibid., 184.

85 Ibid., 187. Ibid., 187.

86 A. Le Boulluec (ed.), A. Le Boulluec (ed.), Clement D'Alexandrie: Les Stromates: Stromate V Clement D'Alexandrie: Les Stromates: Stromate V ( (Sources Chretiennes 278, 1981), 38-9 [V.1.9.4]; A. Le Boulluec (ed.), 278, 1981), 38-9 [V.1.9.4]; A. Le Boulluec (ed.), Clement D'Alexandrie: Les Stromates: Stromate VII Clement D'Alexandrie: Les Stromates: Stromate VII ( (Sources Chretiennes 428, 1997), 128-9 [VII.6.34.4]. 428, 1997), 128-9 [VII.6.34.4].

87 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 188-9. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 188-9.

88 J. Boswell, J. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and h.o.m.os.e.xuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century Christianity, Social Tolerance and h.o.m.os.e.xuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century (Chicago and London, 1980), 140, 147, 164, 355-9. (Chicago and London, 1980), 140, 147, 164, 355-9.

89 Eusebius, 250 [VI.2.4-6]. Eusebius, 250 [VI.2.4-6].

90 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 192-3. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 192-3.

91 J. N. B. Carleton Paget, 'Origen as Exegete of the Old Testament', in M. Saebo (ed.), J. N. B. Carleton Paget, 'Origen as Exegete of the Old Testament', in M. Saebo (ed.), Hebrew Bible/Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation Hebrew Bible/Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation (3 vols., Gottingen, 1996), I, Pt I, 499-542. (3 vols., Gottingen, 1996), I, Pt I, 499-542.

92 There has been controversy as to whether the There has been controversy as to whether the Hexapla Hexapla contained the Hebrew text of the Tanakh, but see A. Grafton and M. Williams, contained the Hebrew text of the Tanakh, but see A. Grafton and M. Williams, Christianity and the Transformation of the Book: Origen, Eusebius and the Library of Caesarea Christianity and the Transformation of the Book: Origen, Eusebius and the Library of Caesarea (Cambridge, MA, and London, 2006), 92-6. On the number of books, ibid., 88, 105, on the innovative format, 17, and on Origen's hesitant Hebrew, 112. The Victorian edition was F. Field (ed.), (Cambridge, MA, and London, 2006), 92-6. On the number of books, ibid., 88, 105, on the innovative format, 17, and on Origen's hesitant Hebrew, 112. The Victorian edition was F. Field (ed.), Origenis Hexaplorum quae supersunt; sive, Veterum interpretum Graecorum in totum Vetus Testamentum fragmenta Origenis Hexaplorum quae supersunt; sive, Veterum interpretum Graecorum in totum Vetus Testamentum fragmenta (2 vols., Oxford, 1867-75). (2 vols., Oxford, 1867-75).

93 For a recent thorough corrective to easy a.s.sumptions that Alexandrian Christian thought should be read chiefly with reference to Plato and 'middle Platonism', see M. J. Edwards, For a recent thorough corrective to easy a.s.sumptions that Alexandrian Christian thought should be read chiefly with reference to Plato and 'middle Platonism', see M. J. Edwards, Origen against Plato Origen against Plato (Aldershot, 2002). (Aldershot, 2002).

94 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 206. For the neo-Platonist Porphyry's hostile comments on Origen's use of allegory, see ibid., 207-8. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 206. For the neo-Platonist Porphyry's hostile comments on Origen's use of allegory, see ibid., 207-8.

95 Ibid., 202. Ibid., 202.

96 Ibid., 199. Ibid., 199.

97 Commentary on John 20.28, qu. H. Chadwick, Commentary on John 20.28, qu. H. Chadwick, East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church. From Apostolic Times until the Council of Florence East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church. From Apostolic Times until the Council of Florence (Oxford, 2003), 6. (Oxford, 2003), 6.

98 G. W. b.u.t.terworth (ed.) G. W. b.u.t.terworth (ed.) Origen: On First Principles Origen: On First Principles (London, 1936; reprint with further introduction, Gloucester, MA, 1973), 67-68, 110-13. (London, 1936; reprint with further introduction, Gloucester, MA, 1973), 67-68, 110-13.

99 This doctrine is known technically as This doctrine is known technically as apokatastasis. apokatastasis. On this and Origen's cosmic scheme, see Stevenson (ed., 1987), 201-4. On this and Origen's cosmic scheme, see Stevenson (ed., 1987), 201-4.

5: The Prince: Ally or Enemy? (100-300) 1 Romans 1.19-32. Romans 1.19-32.

2 Useful discussion in W. V. Harris (ed.), Useful discussion in W. V. Harris (ed.), The Spread of Christianity in the First Four Centuries: Essays in Explanation The Spread of Christianity in the First Four Centuries: Essays in Explanation (Leiden, 2005), esp. 17-23, 158-60. (Leiden, 2005), esp. 17-23, 158-60.

3 H. Chadwick, 'The Early Church', in Harries and Mayr-Harting (eds.), 1-20, at 9. H. Chadwick, 'The Early Church', in Harries and Mayr-Harting (eds.), 1-20, at 9.

4 F. M. Young, 'Prelude: Jesus Christ, Foundation of Christianity', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 1-35, at 14-15. F. M. Young, 'Prelude: Jesus Christ, Foundation of Christianity', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 1-35, at 14-15.

5 R. M. Grant, 'Five Apologists and Marcus Aurelius', R. M. Grant, 'Five Apologists and Marcus Aurelius', Vigiliae Christianae Vigiliae Christianae, 42 (1988), 1-17, at 4-5.

6 H. W. Attridge et al. (eds.), H. W. Attridge et al. (eds.), The Apostolic Tradition The Apostolic Tradition (Minneapolis, 2002), 88, 90, 94. (Minneapolis, 2002), 88, 90, 94.

7 F. Trombley, 'Overview: The Geographical Spread of Christianity', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 302-23, at 310. F. Trombley, 'Overview: The Geographical Spread of Christianity', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 302-23, at 310.

8 It is twice told by Eusebius in his It is twice told by Eusebius in his Church History Church History, 161 [III.30.6]; 187 [IV.14.6].

9 D. Trobisch, D. Trobisch, The First Edition of the New Testament The First Edition of the New Testament (Oxford, 2000), esp. 19-21. (Oxford, 2000), esp. 19-21.

10 L. W. Hurtado, L. W. Hurtado, The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Ma.n.u.scripts and Christian Origins The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Ma.n.u.scripts and Christian Origins (Grand Rapids, 2006), esp. on these (Grand Rapids, 2006), esp. on these nomina sacra nomina sacra, Ch. 3; Trobisch, The First Edition of the New Testament The First Edition of the New Testament, 11-19.

11 A. Wypustek, 'Un aspect ignore des persecutions des chretiens dans l'Antiquite: les accusations de magie erotique imputees aux chretiens aux II et III siecles', A. Wypustek, 'Un aspect ignore des persecutions des chretiens dans l'Antiquite: les accusations de magie erotique imputees aux chretiens aux II et III siecles', JAC JAC, 42 (1999), 50-71, at 58. Cf. J. A. Hanson (ed.), Apuleius: Metamorphoses Apuleius: Metamorphoses (2 vols., Cambridge, MA, and London, 1989), 179-85 [IX.29-31]. (2 vols., Cambridge, MA, and London, 1989), 179-85 [IX.29-31].

12 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 1-2. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 1-2.

13 C. Ziwsa (ed.), C. Ziwsa (ed.), S. Optati Milevitani libri VII . . . Accedunt decem monumenta vetera ad Donatistarum historiam pertinentia S. Optati Milevitani libri VII . . . Accedunt decem monumenta vetera ad Donatistarum historiam pertinentia ( (Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, 26, 1893), Appendix I, 186-7. On Constantine and funerary commemoration, see pp. 292-3.

14 A figure quoted by W. H. C. Frend, A figure quoted by W. H. C. Frend, JEH JEH, 55 (2004), 126.

15 V. Fiocchi Nicolai, F. Bisconti and D. Mazzoleni, V. Fiocchi Nicolai, F. Bisconti and D. Mazzoleni, The Christian Catacombs of Rome: History, Decoration, Inscriptions The Christian Catacombs of Rome: History, Decoration, Inscriptions (Regensburg, 1999), 20-22, 35, 151-3. A further good general introduction is J. Stevenson, (Regensburg, 1999), 20-22, 35, 151-3. A further good general introduction is J. Stevenson, The Catacombs: Rediscovered Monuments of Early Christianity The Catacombs: Rediscovered Monuments of Early Christianity (London, 1978). (London, 1978).

16 M. A. Tilley, 'North Africa', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 381-96, at 391. M. A. Tilley, 'North Africa', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 381-96, at 391.

17 J. Huskinson, 'Pagan and Christian in the Third to the Fifth Centuries', in Wolffe (ed.), 13-41, at 22. See text in Stevenson (ed., 1987), 44-5. J. Huskinson, 'Pagan and Christian in the Third to the Fifth Centuries', in Wolffe (ed.), 13-41, at 22. See text in Stevenson (ed., 1987), 44-5.

18 B. D. Shaw, 'The Pa.s.sion of Perpetua', B. D. Shaw, 'The Pa.s.sion of Perpetua', PP PP, 139 (May 1993), 3-45, at 22, and pa.s.sim pa.s.sim for useful comment. for useful comment.

19 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 18-21. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 18-21.

20 H. Chadwick, H. Chadwick, The Early Church The Early Church (London, 1967), 52n. (London, 1967), 52n.

21 Eusebius, 201 [IV.23.4-8]. Eusebius, 201 [IV.23.4-8].

22 W. A. Meeks, 'Social and Ecclesial Life of the Earliest Christians', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 145-73, at 171-2; M. M. Mitch.e.l.l, 'From Jerusalem to the Ends of the Earth', ibid., 295-301, at 295-6. There are, however, instances of second- and early-third-century pilgrimage to the Holy Land, including such figures as Origen, Melito of Sardis and Alexander, Bishop of Cappadocia: see Stringer, 74. W. A. Meeks, 'Social and Ecclesial Life of the Earliest Christians', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 145-73, at 171-2; M. M. Mitch.e.l.l, 'From Jerusalem to the Ends of the Earth', ibid., 295-301, at 295-6. There are, however, instances of second- and early-third-century pilgrimage to the Holy Land, including such figures as Origen, Melito of Sardis and Alexander, Bishop of Cappadocia: see Stringer, 74.

23 H. Chadwick (ed.), H. Chadwick (ed.), Contra Celsum Contra Celsum (rev. edn, Cambridge, 1965). We must presume that Celsus wrote his attack in Greek, the language in which it is transmitted by Origen. (rev. edn, Cambridge, 1965). We must presume that Celsus wrote his attack in Greek, the language in which it is transmitted by Origen.

24 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 136. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 136.

25 A useful summary account of these developments is F. Millar with D. Berciu, R. N. Frye, G. Kossack and T. Talbot Rice, A useful summary account of these developments is F. Millar with D. Berciu, R. N. Frye, G. Kossack and T. Talbot Rice, The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours (London, 1967). (London, 1967).

26 '. . . though it was impossible that she could reconcile the practice of vice with the precepts of the gospel, she might hope to atone for the frailties of her s.e.x and professions, by declaring herself the patroness of the Christians': E. Gibbon, '. . . though it was impossible that she could reconcile the practice of vice with the precepts of the gospel, she might hope to atone for the frailties of her s.e.x and professions, by declaring herself the patroness of the Christians': E. Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (12 vols., London, 1813), II, 446-7 [Ch. 16]. Similarly, the great French Church historian Monsignor d.u.c.h.esne does not seem to have been immune to the comic aspects of her career when he observed in riposte to Gibbon, 'Her life - in such surroundings - could scarcely be in strict accord with Gospel precepts': L. d.u.c.h.esne, (12 vols., London, 1813), II, 446-7 [Ch. 16]. Similarly, the great French Church historian Monsignor d.u.c.h.esne does not seem to have been immune to the comic aspects of her career when he observed in riposte to Gibbon, 'Her life - in such surroundings - could scarcely be in strict accord with Gospel precepts': L. d.u.c.h.esne, Early History of the Christian Church from Its Foundation to the End of the Third Century Early History of the Christian Church from Its Foundation to the End of the Third Century (London, 1914), 183, from the 4th French edn., Ch. 13, 251-2. (London, 1914), 183, from the 4th French edn., Ch. 13, 251-2.

27 E. Cary (ed.), E. Cary (ed.), Dio's Roman History Dio's Roman History (9 vols., Loeb edn, London and Cambridge, MA, 1914-2004), IX, 271-3 [ (9 vols., Loeb edn, London and Cambridge, MA, 1914-2004), IX, 271-3 [Epitome of Book LXXVII 14.6]. 14.6].

28 R. Reece, 'Town and Country: The End of Roman Britain', R. Reece, 'Town and Country: The End of Roman Britain', World Archaeology World Archaeology, 12 (1980), 77-92, at 80.

29 J. Geffcken, J. Geffcken, The Last Days of Greco-Roman Paganism The Last Days of Greco-Roman Paganism (rev. edn, Amsterdam and London, 1978), 25-31. (rev. edn, Amsterdam and London, 1978), 25-31.

30 J. G. Davies, 'Was the Devotion of Septimius Severus to Serapis the Cause of the Persecution of 202-3?', J. G. Davies, 'Was the Devotion of Septimius Severus to Serapis the Cause of the Persecution of 202-3?', JTS JTS, 5 (1954), 73-6.

31 E. R. Dodds, E. R. Dodds, Christian and Pagan in an Age of Anxiety: Some Aspects of Religious Experience from Marcus Aurelius to Constantine Christian and Pagan in an Age of Anxiety: Some Aspects of Religious Experience from Marcus Aurelius to Constantine (Cambridge, 1965). (Cambridge, 1965).

32 Current archaeological opinion, however, does not favour the common idea that the famous Mithraeum from Walbrook in the City of London was deliberately desecrated by Christians: see J. D. Shepherd (ed.), Current archaeological opinion, however, does not favour the common idea that the famous Mithraeum from Walbrook in the City of London was deliberately desecrated by Christians: see J. D. Shepherd (ed.), The Temple of Mithras, London: Excavations by W. F. Grimes and A. Williams at the Walbrook The Temple of Mithras, London: Excavations by W. F. Grimes and A. Williams at the Walbrook (London, 1998), 227-32. For Mithraic dedications, see Barrett (ed.), 133-4. (London, 1998), 227-32. For Mithraic dedications, see Barrett (ed.), 133-4.

33 On his vanishing and visions, see C. P. Jones (ed.), On his vanishing and visions, see C. P. Jones (ed.), Philostratus Philostratus (3 vols., Loeb edn, Cambridge, MA, and London, 2005), 322-3, 384-5, 413-15 [ (3 vols., Loeb edn, Cambridge, MA, and London, 2005), 322-3, 384-5, 413-15 [Life of Apollonius of Tyana VIII]. Vol. III contains Eusebius's refutation. Barrett (ed.), 82-5, provides economical extracts of Apollonius. VIII]. Vol. III contains Eusebius's refutation. Barrett (ed.), 82-5, provides economical extracts of Apollonius.

34 B. Stock, B. Stock, After Augustine: The Meditative Reader and the Text After Augustine: The Meditative Reader and the Text (Philadelphia, 2001), 43. (Philadelphia, 2001), 43.

35 On Jesus as apostle, M. Franzmann, On Jesus as apostle, M. Franzmann, Jesus in the Manichaean Writings Jesus in the Manichaean Writings (London and New York, 2003), 15-17; on the paradoxes, ibid., 76-7. (London and New York, 2003), 15-17; on the paradoxes, ibid., 76-7.

36 S. Whitfield with U. Sims-Williams, S. Whitfield with U. Sims-Williams, The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith (London, 2004), 121-2. (London, 2004), 121-2.

37 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 267-8. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 267-8.

38 I. Gardiner et al. (eds.), I. Gardiner et al. (eds.), Coptic Doc.u.mentary Texts from Kellis I Coptic Doc.u.mentary Texts from Kellis I (Oxford, 1999), 72-82, 344-57. See also M. Franzmann, 'The Syriac-Coptic Bilinguals from Ismant el-Kharab (Roman Kellis): Translation Process and Manichaean Missionary Practice', in A. van Tongerloo and L. Cirillo (eds.), (Oxford, 1999), 72-82, 344-57. See also M. Franzmann, 'The Syriac-Coptic Bilinguals from Ismant el-Kharab (Roman Kellis): Translation Process and Manichaean Missionary Practice', in A. van Tongerloo and L. Cirillo (eds.), Il Manicheismo: nuove prospettive della ricerca Il Manicheismo: nuove prospettive della ricerca (Turnhout, 2005), 115-22. (Turnhout, 2005), 115-22.

39 P. McKechnie, 'Christian Grave-inscriptions from the P. McKechnie, 'Christian Grave-inscriptions from the Familia Caesaris Familia Caesaris', JEH JEH, 50 (1999), 427-41, at 439, and see p. 167.

40 On Origen and Julia Mamaea, Stevenson (ed., 1987), 195. On Hippolytus and his imperial dedication, W. Smith and H. Wace (eds.), On Origen and Julia Mamaea, Stevenson (ed., 1987), 195. On Hippolytus and his imperial dedication, W. Smith and H. Wace (eds.), Dictionary of Christian Biography Dictionary of Christian Biography (4 vols., London, 1877-87), III, 99-100. (4 vols., London, 1877-87), III, 99-100.

41 D. Magie (ed.), D. Magie (ed.), The Scriptores Historiae Augustae The Scriptores Historiae Augustae (3 vols., Loeb edn, London and New York, 1921-32), 234-5, 238-41 [XXIX.3, x.x.xI.5]. There is an equally dubious precedent in a similar story about the gnostic Carpocrates, from much the same period: Dodds, (3 vols., Loeb edn, London and New York, 1921-32), 234-5, 238-41 [XXIX.3, x.x.xI.5]. There is an equally dubious precedent in a similar story about the gnostic Carpocrates, from much the same period: Dodds, Christian and Pagan in an Age of Anxiety Christian and Pagan in an Age of Anxiety, 107.

42 McKechnie, 'Christian Grave-inscriptions from the McKechnie, 'Christian Grave-inscriptions from the Familia Caesaris Familia Caesaris', 441.

43 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 214-15. The whole episode of persecution from Valerian to Gallienus, Cyprian and Novationism is well covered ibid., 213-51. On the principle of sacrifice by heads of families, see R. Selinger, Stevenson (ed., 1987), 214-15. The whole episode of persecution from Valerian to Gallienus, Cyprian and Novationism is well covered ibid., 213-51. On the principle of sacrifice by heads of families, see R. Selinger, The Mid-third Century Persecutions of Decius and Valerian The Mid-third Century Persecutions of Decius and Valerian (Frankfurt am Main, 2002), 59-63. (Frankfurt am Main, 2002), 59-63.

44 For examples in summary discussion of such att.i.tudes, Grant, 'Five Apologists and Marcus Aurelius'. For examples in summary discussion of such att.i.tudes, Grant, 'Five Apologists and Marcus Aurelius'.

45 John 12.25; Matthew 10.23. John 12.25; Matthew 10.23.

46 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 241-3. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 241-3.

47 Shaw, 'Pa.s.sion of Perpetua', 15. Shaw, 'Pa.s.sion of Perpetua', 15.

48 Baumer, 1-3. Baumer, 1-3.

49 T. Rajak, 'The Jewish Diaspora', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 53-68, at 65; Goodman, 169 - 71. T. Rajak, 'The Jewish Diaspora', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 53-68, at 65; Goodman, 169 - 71.

50 Stringer, 83. Stringer, 83.

51 For an extraordinary long-term effect of one reading in the For an extraordinary long-term effect of one reading in the Pes.h.i.tta Pes.h.i.tta on worldwide racist att.i.tudes to blacks, see p. 868. on worldwide racist att.i.tudes to blacks, see p. 868.

52 A good introduction is C. Hopkins, edited by B. Goldman, A good introduction is C. Hopkins, edited by B. Goldman, The Discovery of Dura-Europos The Discovery of Dura-Europos (New Haven and London, 1979). (New Haven and London, 1979).

53 J. Gutmann, 'The Dura Europos Synagogue Paintings: The State of Research', in L. I. Levine (ed.), J. Gutmann, 'The Dura Europos Synagogue Paintings: The State of Research', in L. I. Levine (ed.), The Synagogue in Late Antiquity The Synagogue in Late Antiquity (Philadelphia, 1987), 61-72. A more striking instance of a cultural setting promoting the violation of Jewish prohibitions on sacred figural art, in this case the more direct violation of sculpture, is to be seen in the fine series of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century sculpted gravestones in the Portuguese Jewish cemetery at Ouderkerk aan de Amstel in the Netherlands. For Orthodox evasion of the graven-image prohibition, see p. 444. (Philadelphia, 1987), 61-72. A more striking instance of a cultural setting promoting the violation of Jewish prohibitions on sacred figural art, in this case the more direct violation of sculpture, is to be seen in the fine series of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century sculpted gravestones in the Portuguese Jewish cemetery at Ouderkerk aan de Amstel in the Netherlands. For Orthodox evasion of the graven-image prohibition, see p. 444.

54 Doig, 10-18. Doig, 10-18.

55 Baumer, 16. It is ironic that no Christian church building now remains in its original use in Urfa: see p. 927. Baumer, 16. It is ironic that no Christian church building now remains in its original use in Urfa: see p. 927.

56 A. Mirkovic, A. Mirkovic, Prelude to Constantine: The Abgar Tradition in Early Christianity Prelude to Constantine: The Abgar Tradition in Early Christianity (Frankfurt am Main, 2004), 89-115. For the texts, see Eusebius, 100-102 [1.13]. (Frankfurt am Main, 2004), 89-115. For the texts, see Eusebius, 100-102 [1.13].

57 For a judicious contribution to the still ill-tempered debate on the Shroud of Turin, see A. Friedlander, 'On the Provenance of the Holy Shroud of Lirey/Turin: A Minor Suggestion', For a judicious contribution to the still ill-tempered debate on the Shroud of Turin, see A. Friedlander, 'On the Provenance of the Holy Shroud of Lirey/Turin: A Minor Suggestion', JEH JEH, 57 (2006), 457-77. I am grateful to Hannes Schroeder of St Cross College, Oxford, for our discussions on carbon-dating of samples from the shroud in the University of Oxford's Research Laboratory for Archaeology.

58 F. Heal, 'What Can King Lucius Do for You? The Reformation and the Early British Church', F. Heal, 'What Can King Lucius Do for You? The Reformation and the Early British Church', EHR EHR, 120 (2005), 593-614, esp. at 595, 614.