18. Lincoln, Sunlight at Midnight Sunlight at Midnight, 38.

19. G. Z. Kaganov, Peterburg v kontekste barokko Peterburg v kontekste barokko (SPb, 2002). (SPb, 2002).

20. SIRIO, SIRIO, vii: 20. vii: 20.

21. Cook, Voyages and Travels Voyages and Travels, i: 4468.

22. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 378.

23. For the premises on the Fontanka, extended in 1741, see Vnutrennii byt Russkago gosudarstva s 17 oktiabria 1740 G.o.da po 25-e noiabria 1741 G.o.da Vnutrennii byt Russkago gosudarstva s 17 oktiabria 1740 G.o.da po 25-e noiabria 1741 G.o.da (M, 1880), i: 32641. Anna decreed an annual fodder budget of 2369r. 71k. on 6 July 1737 (p. 327). (M, 1880), i: 32641. Anna decreed an annual fodder budget of 2369r. 71k. on 6 July 1737 (p. 327).

24. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 118; A. Orloff and D. Shvidkovsky, St Petersburg: Architecture of the Tsars St Petersburg: Architecture of the Tsars (New York, 1996), 2667. (New York, 1996), 2667.

25. Storch, 689.

26. I. Iakovkin, Opisanie sela tsarskago Opisanie sela tsarskago (SPb, 1830), 1189; (SPb, 1830), 1189; KfZh KfZh (1795), 175, 10 Feb.; appendix ii: 121, 132 (grants of 200 and 947 roubles for the residents of the Okhta district). Storch, 41920, suggests that by then, the well-born had largely abandoned the pastime as too dangerous. The location of earlier ice hills is unknown. (1795), 175, 10 Feb.; appendix ii: 121, 132 (grants of 200 and 947 roubles for the residents of the Okhta district). Storch, 41920, suggests that by then, the well-born had largely abandoned the pastime as too dangerous. The location of earlier ice hills is unknown.

27. KfZh KfZh (1744), 36. (1744), 36.

28. PSZ PSZ, xii: 8851, 9 Jan. 1744.

29. SIRIO SIRIO, vii: 223; Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 39; E. A. Zitser, The Transfigured Kingdom: Sacred Parody and Charismatic Authority at the Court of Peter the Great The Transfigured Kingdom: Sacred Parody and Charismatic Authority at the Court of Peter the Great (Ithaca, NY, 2004), 525. (Ithaca, NY, 2004), 525.

30. c.o.xe, i: 26970 (visiting in 1778).

31. PSZ PSZ, xii: 8882, 29 Feb. 1744.

32. O. S. Evangulova, Dvortsovo-parkovye ansambli Moskvy: pervoi poloviny XVIII veka Dvortsovo-parkovye ansambli Moskvy: pervoi poloviny XVIII veka (M, 1969), 4484, 1224. (M, 1969), 4484, 1224.

33. SIRIO SIRIO, vii: 25; Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 40.

34. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 530.

35. SIRIO SIRIO, vii: 257.

36. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 41.

37. E. V. Anisimov, Rossiia v seredine XVIII veka: Bor'ba za nasledie Petra Rossiia v seredine XVIII veka: Bor'ba za nasledie Petra (M, 1986), 1836; (M, 1986), 1836; idem idem, Elizaveta Petrovna Elizaveta Petrovna (M, 1999), 189204 (192, Saxon envoy). (M, 1999), 189204 (192, Saxon envoy).

38. G. Marker, Imperial Saint: The Cult of St. Catherine and the Dawn of Female Rule in Russia Imperial Saint: The Cult of St. Catherine and the Dawn of Female Rule in Russia (DeKalb, IL, 2007), 140. (DeKalb, IL, 2007), 140.

39. Despatches Despatches, ii: 223, Buckinghamshire to Countess of Suffolk, 14 Feb. 1763.

40. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 42. KfZh KfZh (1744), 711, gives 38 Mar. as the dates of the pilgrimage. The dates given in C's memoirs are notoriously unreliable. (1744), 711, gives 38 Mar. as the dates of the pilgrimage. The dates given in C's memoirs are notoriously unreliable.

41. D. Willemse, Antonio Nunes Ribeiro Sanches, eleve de Boerhaave, et son importance pour la Russie Antonio Nunes Ribeiro Sanches, eleve de Boerhaave, et son importance pour la Russie (Leiden, 1966). (Leiden, 1966).

42. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: (43), 2034; Bil'basov, i: 901; Alexander, 81.

43. PCFG PCFG, iii: 94, Frederick to Johanna Elisabeth, 14 Apr. 1744 NS, and subsequent letters to his amba.s.sador, Baron Mardefeld.

44. KfZh KfZh (1744), 346; Bil'basov, i: 957; (1744), 346; Bil'basov, i: 957; Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 43, 95, 205.

45. Shortly after the dinner, General Johann-Ludwig Lubras von Pott, the newly appointed Russian amba.s.sador to Sweden, demonstrated his allegiance by travelling to Stockholm via Potsdam, where he rea.s.sured Frederick that there was no prospect of another revolution in Russia: Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 37; PCFG PCFG, iii: 200, Frederick to Mardefeld, 3 July 1744 NS.

46. PCFG PCFG, iii: 48, Frederick to Johanna Elisabeth, 29 Feb. 1744 NS; ibid., 118, Frederick to Mardefeld, 1744.

47. PCFG PCFG, iii: 169, Frederick to Mardefeld, 4 June 1744 NS; Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 468; Anisimov, Rossiia v seredine XVIII veka Rossiia v seredine XVIII veka, 867, 956. For a detailed guide to the diplomacy of these years, see F.-D. Lishtenan, Rossiia vkhodit v Evropu Rossiia vkhodit v Evropu (M, 2000). (M, 2000).

48. P. I. Khoteev, Kniga v Rossii v seredine XVIII v.: Chastnye knizhnye sobraniia Kniga v Rossii v seredine XVIII v.: Chastnye knizhnye sobraniia (Leningrad, 1989), 456. (Leningrad, 1989), 456.

49. Bil'basov, i: 1139; SIRIO SIRIO, vii: 4, C. to Christian August, 3 May 1744. In her memoirs, she claimed that Pastor Wagner had taught her that she was free to choose her confession until the time of her first communion: Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 456.

50. A. P. Sumarokov, 'O pravopisanie', in Polnoe sobranie vsekh sochinenii Polnoe sobranie vsekh sochinenii, 2nd ed. (M, 1787), x: 24.

51. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 489. On Adodurov, see A. M. Panchenko, et al, Slovar' russkikh pisatelei XVIII veka Slovar' russkikh pisatelei XVIII veka (Leningrad, 1988), vol. 1 (A-I), 213. (Leningrad, 1988), vol. 1 (A-I), 213.

52. Bil'basov, i: 58, n. 1; PCFG PCFG, ii: 488, Frederick to Mardefeld, 16 Dec. 1743 NS.

53. KfZh KfZh (1744), 569; (1744), 569; Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 49; Bil'basov, i: 11921.

54. Bil'basov, i: 1214.

55. KfZh KfZh (1744), 5967. (1744), 5967.

56. PCFG PCFG, iii: 239, Frederick to C., 5 Aug. 1744 NS.

57. For the peace celebrations on 1517 July, see KfZh KfZh (1744), 6986. (1744), 6986.

58. On mileposts, PSZ PSZ, xii: 9016, 16 Aug. 1744; 9073, 27 Nov.; 9092, 17 Dec.

59. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 534.

60. M. Berlinskii, Kratkoe opisanie Kieva Kratkoe opisanie Kieva (SPb, 1820), 3941. (SPb, 1820), 3941.

61. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 53. C. was then developing an interest in the Gothic, which here seems to mean simply 'medieval'.

62. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 556.

63. For its construction, see Starikova, doc. 519, pp. 55186.

64. The phrase 'theatres of piety' is John Adamson's: see 'Making of the ancien-regime Court', in Princely Courts of Europe Princely Courts of Europe, ed. Adamson, 247.

65. S. Dixon, 'Religious Ritual at the Russian Court', in Monarchy and Religion: The Transformation of Royal Culture in Eighteenth-Century Europe Monarchy and Religion: The Transformation of Royal Culture in Eighteenth-Century Europe, ed. M. Schaich (Oxford, 2007), 22930.

66. KfZh KfZh (1744), 913, 10312. (1744), 913, 10312.

67. On 15 Dec.: KfZh KfZh (1744), 24. (1744), 24.

68. Bespiatykh, Peterburg Anny Ioannovny Peterburg Anny Ioannovny, 140 (C. R. Berch).

69. Starikova, doc. 265 (servants' accommodation); docs 9706 (merry-go-round).

70. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 214 71. KfZh KfZh (1745), 1, 1534. (1745), 1, 1534.

72. Bil'basov, i: 145, n. 2; Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 213 (216).

73. KfZh KfZh (1745), 210. (1745), 210.

74. P. Keenan, 'Creating a "public" in St Petersburg, 17031761', unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 2005, 1079.

75. KfZh KfZh (1744), 1 and (1744), 1 and pa.s.sim pa.s.sim, refers to him throughout as Prince August.

76. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 218; Keenan, 'Creating a "public"', 108.

77. For French celebrations, see e.g. the earlier Description des festes donnees par la ville de Paris: a l'occasion du mariage de madame Louise-Elisabeth de France, de dom Philippe, infant & grand amiral d'Espagne, les vingt-neuvieme & trentieme aout mil sept cent trente-neuf Description des festes donnees par la ville de Paris: a l'occasion du mariage de madame Louise-Elisabeth de France, de dom Philippe, infant & grand amiral d'Espagne, les vingt-neuvieme & trentieme aout mil sept cent trente-neuf (Paris, 1740). (Paris, 1740).

78. Starikova, doc. 754.

79. PSZ PSZ, xii: 91234, 16 Mar. 1745.

80. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 227, 63, 67.

81. KfZh KfZh (1745), 27 (9 May); 2932. (1745), 27 (9 May); 2932.

82. KfZh KfZh (1745), 3942 (39); 43. (1745), 3942 (39); 43.

83. KfZh KfZh (1745), 367. (1745), 367.

84. See, in particular, PSZ PSZ, xii: 913640; 91447; 9149; 91546; 9174.

85. Bil'basov, i: 164, n. 1, 166, 168.

86. KfZh KfZh (1745), 187, 51. (1745), 187, 51.

87. KfZh KfZh (1745), 51; (1745), 51; SIRIO, SIRIO, cii: 320, Hyndford to Harrington, 20 Aug. 1745. cii: 320, Hyndford to Harrington, 20 Aug. 1745.

88. Bil'basov, i: 16770.

89. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 67.

90. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 68.

91. My account of the wedding celebrations relies on KfZh KfZh (1745), 5292 (5260), and on Santi's order of ceremonies, ibid., 187222 (195). (1745), 5292 (5260), and on Santi's order of ceremonies, ibid., 187222 (195).

92. Poroshin, 24, 1 Oct. 1764. Naryshkin's empty landau was between Prince Aleksei Golitsyn and Count Efim Raguzinskii in the procession; Panin's carriage, also empty, was further forward: KfZh KfZh (1745), 55. See 194, 2239, for an indicative list of the empty carriages. (1745), 55. See 194, 2239, for an indicative list of the empty carriages.

93. L. Kirillova, Moskovskii Kreml': Starinnye ekipazhi Moskovskii Kreml': Starinnye ekipazhi (M, 1999), 10, 17 and (M, 1999), 10, 17 and pa.s.sim pa.s.sim.

94. SIRIO SIRIO, vii: 502. See also KfZh KfZh (1745), 200. (1745), 200.

95. KfZh KfZh (1745), 193. (1745), 193.

96. SIRIO SIRIO, cii: 321, Hyndford to Harrington, 24 Aug. 1745.

97. Chudinova, Penie Penie, 33; KfZh KfZh (1737), 223, 32; victory days listed at (1737), 223, 32; victory days listed at PSZ PSZ, ix: 6832, 29 Oct. 1735.

98. KfZh KfZh (1745), 1878. (1745), 1878.

99. SIRIO SIRIO, vii: 534; Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 68; Bil'basov, i: 1712.

100. KfZh KfZh (1745), 62; (1745), 62; Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 69.

101. KfZh KfZh (1745), 6470. (1745), 6470.

102. Quoted by N. V. Sipovskaia, 'Obedy "k sluchaiu": Nastol'nye ukrasheniia XVIII veka', in Razvlekatel'naia kul'tura Rossii XVIIIXIX vv. Razvlekatel'naia kul'tura Rossii XVIIIXIX vv., ed. E. V. Dukov (SPb, 2000), 1612. KfZh KfZh (1745), 69, claimed 10,000 candles. (1745), 69, claimed 10,000 candles.

103. SIRIO SIRIO, vii: 64; KfZh KfZh (1745), 778, 80; (1745), 778, 80; Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 734.

104. S. Sadie, ed., The New Grove Dictionary of Opera The New Grove Dictionary of Opera (London, 1992), iv: 26970; (London, 1992), iv: 26970; MP MP, i: 1446 (Bonecchi); Starikova, doc. 32 (programme and synopsis); Mooser, i: 21920; KfZh KfZh (1745), 75. (1745), 75.

105. Zapiski Shtelina Zapiski Shtelina, i: 248; Rovinskii, Obozrenie ikonopisaniia Obozrenie ikonopisaniia, 2378.

106. The impressive a.n.a.lysis of C's approach to s.e.xuality in Greenleaf, 'Performing Autobiography' may well exaggerate the empress's literary sophistication.

107. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 66.

108. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 69.

109. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 80, 82.

110. G. V. Kalashnikov, 'Zametki ob obrazovanii budushchego imperatora Petra III', Arkheograficheskii ezheG.o.dnik za 2003 G.o.da Arkheograficheskii ezheG.o.dnik za 2003 G.o.da (M, 2004), 13148 (135). (M, 2004), 13148 (135).

111. Rulhiere, 1920.

112. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 199.

113. O. A. Ivanov, Ekaterina II i Petr III: istoriia tragicheskogo konflikta Ekaterina II i Petr III: istoriia tragicheskogo konflikta (M, 2007), more inclined to take C.'s memoirs at face value, offers an exhaustive comparison of the pa.s.sages on Peter. (M, 2007), more inclined to take C.'s memoirs at face value, offers an exhaustive comparison of the pa.s.sages on Peter.

114. Kalashnikov, 'Zametki', 144.

115. Shtelin, Zapiski Zapiski, 745, 79.

Chapter 3.