Prologue.

1. The Military, Historical and Political Memories of the Count de Hordt The Military, Historical and Political Memories of the Count de Hordt, 2 vols. (London, 18056), ii: 72. On the new capital's bells, see I. A. Chudinova, Penie, zvony, ritual: Topografiia tserkovnomuzykal'noi kul'tury Peterburga Penie, zvony, ritual: Topografiia tserkovnomuzykal'noi kul'tury Peterburga (SPb, 1994), 2636. (SPb, 1994), 2636.

2. I. A. Chudinova, 'Kolokol'nye zvony', MP MP, ii: 75; W. F. Ryan, The Bathhouse at Midnight: An historical survey of magic and divination in Russia The Bathhouse at Midnight: An historical survey of magic and divination in Russia (Stroud, 1999), 2401. (Stroud, 1999), 2401.

3. E. V. Williams, The Bells of Russia: History and Technology The Bells of Russia: History and Technology (Princeton, NJ, 1985), 14865; J. M. R. Lenz, (Princeton, NJ, 1985), 14865; J. M. R. Lenz, Moskauer Schriften und Briefe Moskauer Schriften und Briefe, ed. H. Tommek, 2 vols. (Berlin, 2007), Textband, 35, 4606, reviewed by R. Bartlett in SGECRN SGECRN, 37 (2007). The cracked bell is now a major tourist attraction in the Kremlin.

4. Williams, Bells of Russia Bells of Russia, 166, translation marginally amended.

5. Opisanie Opisanie, 58.

6. Opisanie Opisanie, 51, 56; E. Clarke (1800), quoted in Williams, Bells of Russia Bells of Russia, 1667. Slizov's bell smashed to the ground during the Napoleonic invasion of 1812.

7. 'Zamechatel'nye liudi iz russkago belago dukhovenstva v XVIII stoletiia', Strannik Strannik, Feb. 1897, 2612.

8. SIRIO SIRIO, vii: 121; Bil'basov, ii: 145, n. 3.

9. KfZh KfZh (1745), 62. The others were Count Ivan Chernyshev, Count Sergei Iaguzhinskii, Peter Naryshkin, Mikhail Budlianskoi, Count Peter Buturlin and Count Andrei Shuvalov: (1745), 62. The others were Count Ivan Chernyshev, Count Sergei Iaguzhinskii, Peter Naryshkin, Mikhail Budlianskoi, Count Peter Buturlin and Count Andrei Shuvalov: Opisanie Opisanie, 68.

10. Opisanie Opisanie, 512.

11. R. Wortman, 'The Russian Coronation: Rite and Representation', The Court Historian The Court Historian, 9 (2004), 23.

12. Opisanie Opisanie, 2936.

13. Giving no source, Montefiore, 52, puts Potemkin at the coronation, though he was too junior to be mentioned by name in Opisanie Opisanie.

14. M. A. Alekseeva, Mikhailo Makhaev: master vidovogo risunka XVIII veka Mikhailo Makhaev: master vidovogo risunka XVIII veka (SPb, 2003), 1856. (SPb, 2003), 1856.

15. Quoted in D. Beales, Joseph II, vol. 1: In the shadow of Maria Theresa, 17411780 Joseph II, vol. 1: In the shadow of Maria Theresa, 17411780 (Cambridge, 1987), 435. (Cambridge, 1987), 435.

16. c.o.xe, i: 264.

17. On Moscow in this period, see J. T. Alexander, Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster (Baltimore, MD, 1980), ch. 2, esp. 701. (Baltimore, MD, 1980), ch. 2, esp. 701.

18. Opisanie Opisanie, 13.

19. c.o.xe, i: 265.

20. Opisanie Opisanie, 25286, lists more than 200 members of the commission and their responsibilities. The architects included Prince Dmitrii Ukhtomskii and Matvei Kazakov, ibid., 25862.

21. RA RA, 1870, nos. 45, 748, C. to I. I. Melissino, 8 Nov. 1765, enclosing a pet.i.tion from Antropov; Opisanie Opisanie, 255. On earlier triumphal arches, see E. A. Tiukhmeneva, Iskusstvo triumfal'nykh vrat v Rossii pervoi poloviny XVIII veka Iskusstvo triumfal'nykh vrat v Rossii pervoi poloviny XVIII veka (M, 2005). (M, 2005).

22. Opisanie Opisanie, 2635. N. A. Ogarkova, Tseremonii, prazdnestva, muzyka russkogo dvora XVIII-nachalo XIX veka Tseremonii, prazdnestva, muzyka russkogo dvora XVIII-nachalo XIX veka (SPb, 2004), 2646, reprints the chant with musical notation. (SPb, 2004), 2646, reprints the chant with musical notation.

23. RA RA, 1884, no. 2, 253, C. to I. I. Nepliuev, 16 Sept. 1762.

24. Despatches Despatches, i: 73, Buckinghamshire to Grenville, 24 Sept. 1762 NS.

25. Bil'basov, ii: 148; Alexander, 635; G. L. Freeze, 'Subversive piety: religion and political crisis in late imperial Russia', Journal of Modern History Journal of Modern History, 68 (1996), 3245.

26. Opisanie Opisanie, 501.

27. Ibid., 22833.

28. Ogarkova, Tseremonii Tseremonii, 1920, 191, n. 23.

29. For the walkway, missing from de Veilly's ill.u.s.trations, see Opisanie Opisanie, 4950, 182.

30. Ibid., 589. I. L. Buseva-Davydova, Khramy Moskovskogo Kremlia: sviatyni i drevnosti Khramy Moskovskogo Kremlia: sviatyni i drevnosti (Moscow, 1997), 38, mistakenly suggests that the west door was used for coronations. (Moscow, 1997), 38, mistakenly suggests that the west door was used for coronations.

31. Cross, 41, 701.

32. Opisanie Opisanie, 5967.

33. Ibid., 679.

34. On canopies in Western Europe, see J. Adamson, 'The making of the ancien-regime Court, 15001700', in Adamson, ed., The Princely Courts of Europe, 15001700 The Princely Courts of Europe, 15001700 (London, 1999), 29. (London, 1999), 29.

35. Despatches Despatches, i: 100, undated 'Russian Memoranda', probably 17634.

36. KfZh KfZh (1753), 205, 25 Apr. On this occasion, no alterations were made to the interior of the cathedral. (1753), 205, 25 Apr. On this occasion, no alterations were made to the interior of the cathedral.

37. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 323.

38. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 6412, 'Reflexions sur Petersbourg et sur Moscou'.

39. Wortman, 'The Russian Coronation', 21, 31.

40. Pis'ma gosudaryni imperatritsy Ekateriny Velikoi k Feld'marshalu grafu P.S. Saltykovu Pis'ma gosudaryni imperatritsy Ekateriny Velikoi k Feld'marshalu grafu P.S. Saltykovu (M, 1886), 9, 29 June 1762, 'the day after our accession to the throne'. (M, 1886), 9, 29 June 1762, 'the day after our accession to the throne'.

41. Annual Register, Annual Register, July 1762, quoted by J. T. Alexander, 'Catherine II's efforts at liberalization and their aftermath', in R. O. Crummey, ed., July 1762, quoted by J. T. Alexander, 'Catherine II's efforts at liberalization and their aftermath', in R. O. Crummey, ed., Reform in Russia and the USSR Reform in Russia and the USSR (Urbana, IL, 1989), 73. (Urbana, IL, 1989), 73.

42. PSZ PSZ, xvi: 11,598 (Manifest o koronatsii Imperatritsy Ekateriny Vtoroi); 11,599 (Manifest o konchine Imperatora Petra III).

43. Compare D. Cannadine and S. Price, eds., Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies (Cambridge, 1985), 8, 40. (Cambridge, 1985), 8, 40.

44. D. L. Ransel, The Politics of Catherinian Russia: The Panin Party The Politics of Catherinian Russia: The Panin Party (New Haven, CT, 1975), 658. (New Haven, CT, 1975), 658.

45. Quoted in L. Hughes, Sophia: Regent of Russia 16571704 Sophia: Regent of Russia 16571704 (New Haven, CT, 1990), 268. (New Haven, CT, 1990), 268.

46. R. A. Jackson, Vive le roi! A History of the French Coronation from Charles V to Charles X Vive le roi! A History of the French Coronation from Charles V to Charles X (Chapel Hill and London, 1984), 11. (Chapel Hill and London, 1984), 11.

47. Bil'basov, ii: 1445; SIRIO SIRIO, cxl: 91, Breteuil to Choiseul, 9 Oct. 1762 NS.

48. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 161.

49. Bil'basov, ii: 17184.

50. Opisanie Opisanie, 73; SIRIO SIRIO, cxl: 82, Breteuil to Louis XV, 5 Oct. 1762 NS.

51. Quoted in S. L. Baehr, The Paradise Myth in Eighteenth-Century Russia The Paradise Myth in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Stanford, CA, 1991), 39. (Stanford, CA, 1991), 39.

52. Opisanie Opisanie, 1949.

53. J. P. LeDonne, 'Ruling families in the Russian political order, 16891825', Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique, 28 (1987), 233322; G. Hosking, 'Patronage and the Russian State', SEER SEER, 78 (2000), 30120.

54. Sochineniia, Sochineniia, xii: 696. xii: 696.

55. Obstoiatel'noe opisanie Torzhestvennykh Poriadkov Blagopoluchnago Vshestviia v tsarstvuiushchii grad Moskvu i Sviashchenneis.h.a.go Koronovaniia...Imperatritsy Elisaveta Petrovny Obstoiatel'noe opisanie Torzhestvennykh Poriadkov Blagopoluchnago Vshestviia v tsarstvuiushchii grad Moskvu i Sviashchenneis.h.a.go Koronovaniia...Imperatritsy Elisaveta Petrovny (SPb, 1744), 74; (SPb, 1744), 74; Opisanie Opisanie, 65, 176. The important account of C.'s coronation in R. S. Wortman, Scenarios of ower: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, 1: From Peter I to Nicholas I Scenarios of ower: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, 1: From Peter I to Nicholas I (Princeton, NJ, 1995), 115, inadvertently suggests that Talyzin carried the state banner, another of Elizabeth's innovations, depicting a double-headed eagle clutching both orb and sceptre in its fearful claws. (Princeton, NJ, 1995), 115, inadvertently suggests that Talyzin carried the state banner, another of Elizabeth's innovations, depicting a double-headed eagle clutching both orb and sceptre in its fearful claws.

56. Despatches, Despatches, i: 98. i: 98.

57. M. Lepekine, 'Catherine II et l'Eglise', in Catherine II et l'Europe Catherine II et l'Europe, ed. A. Davidenkoff (Paris, 1997), 179.

58. Madariaga, 114.

59. SIRIO SIRIO, cxl: 83, Breteuil to Choiseul, 9 Oct. 1762 NS.

60. Opisanie Opisanie, 489.

61. Ibid., 457.

62. Zapiski Shtelina, Zapiski Shtelina, i: 789. i: 789.

63. J. McManners, Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France, Vol. 1: The Clerical Establishment and its Social Ramifications Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France, Vol. 1: The Clerical Establishment and its Social Ramifications (Oxford, 1998), 8. (Oxford, 1998), 8.

64. Opisanie Opisanie, 54.

65. 'Memoires de la Princess Dashkaw, d'apres le ma.n.u.scrit revu et corrige par l'auteur', AKV AKV, xxi: 1014 (104).

66. Opisanie Opisanie, 75. This is psalm 100 in the Orthodox psalter.

67. See below, pp. 2123.

68. The Dormition Cathedral contains the earliest known panel icon of the Apocalypse in the Byzantine world: M. S. Flier, 'Till the End of Time: The Apocalypse in Russian Historical Experience Before 1500', in Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice under the Tsars Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice under the Tsars, eds. V. A. Kivelson and R. H. Greene (Philadelphia, PA, 2003), 1403.

69. See Khristianskie relikvii v Moskovskom kremle Khristianskie relikvii v Moskovskom kremle, ed. A. M. Lidov (M, 2001).

70. Baehr, Paradise Myth Paradise Myth, 301, 3840.

71. SIRIO SIRIO, cxl: 57, Louis XV to Breteuil, 10 Sept. 1762 NS.

72. Beales, Joseph II Joseph II, 36.

73. Opisanie Opisanie, 78.

74. Correspondance Correspondance, 88, 27 Aug. 1756.

75. Opisanie Opisanie, 84.

76. Wortman, Scenarios Scenarios, 115; Opisanie Opisanie, 234.

77. Bil'basov, ii: 146.

78. Opisanie Opisanie, 869.

79. 'Memoires de la Princess Dashkaw', 61.

80. Quoted in Wortman, Scenarios Scenarios, 116.

81. Wortman, 'The Russian Coronation', 19.

82. B. A. Uspenskii, Tsar' i Patriarkh: Kharizma vlasti v Rossii (Vizantiiskaia model' i ee russkoe pereosmyslenie) Tsar' i Patriarkh: Kharizma vlasti v Rossii (Vizantiiskaia model' i ee russkoe pereosmyslenie) (M, 1998). (M, 1998).

83. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 615; Opisanie Opisanie, 102.

84. SIRIO SIRIO, cxl: 85, Breteuil to Choiseul, 9 Oct. 1762 NS.

85. Bil'basov, ii: 146.

86. I. V. Kurukin, Epokha 'dvorskikh bur': Ocherki politicheskoi istorii poslepetrovskoi Rossii, 17251762 gg. Epokha 'dvorskikh bur': Ocherki politicheskoi istorii poslepetrovskoi Rossii, 17251762 gg. (Riazan, 2003), 4157. (Riazan, 2003), 4157.

87. Opisanie Opisanie, 2139. A second doc.u.ment, perhaps an earlier plan, gives an alternative layout, catering for 358 guests served by 130 lackeys: ibid., 235.

88. D. A. Rovinskii, Obozrenie ikonopisaniia v Rossii do kontsa XVII veka: opisanie feierverkov i illiuminatsii Obozrenie ikonopisaniia v Rossii do kontsa XVII veka: opisanie feierverkov i illiuminatsii (SPb, 1903). (SPb, 1903).

89. SIRIO SIRIO, xlviii: 13, C. to Keyserling, 25 Sept. 1762.

90. Opisanie Opisanie, 157, 291.

91. Despatches Despatches, i: 88, Buckinghamshire to Countess of Suffolk, 9 Nov. 1762 NS.

92. Plans for the pageant had been laid as early as 10 July 1762: see Iu. A. Dmitriev, ed., F. G. Volkov i Russkii teatr ego vremeni F. G. Volkov i Russkii teatr ego vremeni (M, 1953), 14950. Sumarokov's text is at p. 188. (M, 1953), 14950. Sumarokov's text is at p. 188.

93. Baehr, Paradise Myth Paradise Myth, 40.

94. Sochineniia, Sochineniia, xii: 625. xii: 625.

Chapter 1.