37. KfZh KfZh (1763), 213. (1763), 213.

38. Poroshin, 3056, 8 Oct. 1765; McGrew, 56.

39. The following depends on G. N. Komelova, 'Apartamenty Ekateriny II v Zimnem dvortse', in Zimnii dvorets: Ocherki zhizni imperatorskoi rezidentsii, 1: XVIII-pervaia tret' XIX veka Zimnii dvorets: Ocherki zhizni imperatorskoi rezidentsii, 1: XVIII-pervaia tret' XIX veka (SPb, 2000), 4473. (SPb, 2000), 4473.

40. Benois, Tsarskoe Selo Tsarskoe Selo, 125; Poroshin, 307, 10 Oct. 1765.

41. AKV AKV, x.x.xiv: 358, Panin to Anna Vorontsova, 11 Jan. 1767.

42. Poroshin, 545, 15 and 16 Oct. 1764; 192, 20 Feb. 1765. The machine was probably an electrostatic generator donated by Paul's new science tutor, Franz Aepinus, a first-cla.s.s scientist from Rostock whose treatise on electricity and magnetism had been published in St Petersburg in 1759. See R. W. Home, Electricity and Experimental Physics in Eighteenth-Century Europe Electricity and Experimental Physics in Eighteenth-Century Europe (Hampshire, 1992), chs. XIV and XV. (Hampshire, 1992), chs. XIV and XV.

43. The rooms formerly occupied by C. are now largely given over to the Hermitage Museum's collection of French painting of the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries and German drawing of the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries.

44. V. Shvarts, Leningrad: Art and Architecture Leningrad: Art and Architecture (Leningrad, 1986), 54. (Leningrad, 1986), 54.

45. SIRIO SIRIO, xii: 257, Cathcart to Weymouth, 19 Aug. 1768.

46. Wraxall, 241.

47. Poroshin, 76, 2 Nov. 1764.

48. SIRIO SIRIO, i: 260, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 6 Nov. 1764.

49. Poroshin, 240, 31 July 1765.

50. Lettres au Prince de Ligne Lettres au Prince de Ligne, 40, 9 Mar. 1781.

51. S. Lovell, Summerfolk: A History of the Dacha, 17102000 Summerfolk: A History of the Dacha, 17102000 (Ithaca, NY, 2003), 9 (piano keys), 11 (Derzhavin translation). (Ithaca, NY, 2003), 9 (piano keys), 11 (Derzhavin translation).

52. KfZh KfZh (1766), 12; (1765), 92, 10 June; Poroshin, 2301, 22 July 1765. (1766), 12; (1765), 92, 10 June; Poroshin, 2301, 22 July 1765.

53. KfZh KfZh (1766), 12, 36, 37. (1766), 12, 36, 37.

54. Pis'ma Saltykovu Pis'ma Saltykovu, 15, 7 July 1763.

55. V. V. Shevtsov, Kartochnaia igra v Rossii (konets XVInachalo XX v.): Istoriia igry i istoriia obshchestva Kartochnaia igra v Rossii (konets XVInachalo XX v.): Istoriia igry i istoriia obshchestva (Tomsk, 2005), 2730, summarises C's subsequent legislation. (Tomsk, 2005), 2730, summarises C's subsequent legislation.

56. V. Maikov, 'Igrok lombera' (1763), in Izbrannye proizvedeniia Izbrannye proizvedeniia, ed. A.V. Zapadov (Leningrad, 1966), 5571.

57. KfZh KfZh (1765), 1821, 234; Poroshin, 16970, 1 Feb. 1765. (1765), 1821, 234; Poroshin, 16970, 1 Feb. 1765.

58. Poroshin, 3656, 25 Dec. 1765.

59. M. S. Konopleva, Teatral'nyi zhivopisets Dzhuseppe Valeriani: Materialy k biografii i istorii tvorchestva Teatral'nyi zhivopisets Dzhuseppe Valeriani: Materialy k biografii i istorii tvorchestva (Leningrad, 1948), 223. (Leningrad, 1948), 223.

60. K. A. Pisarenko, ed., 'Pis'ma Barona A.S. Stroganova ottsu iz-za granitsei', Rossiiskii arkhiv: Istoriia Otechestva v svidetel'stvakh i dok.u.mentakh XVIIIXX vv Rossiiskii arkhiv: Istoriia Otechestva v svidetel'stvakh i dok.u.mentakh XVIIIXX vv., New Series, 14 (M, 2005), 28 (Cambridge), and pa.s.sim pa.s.sim.

61. R. P. Gray, Russian Genre Painting in the Nineteenth Century Russian Genre Painting in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 2000), 234. (Oxford, 2000), 234.

62. 'Pis'ma Barona A. S. Stroganova', 1314, 16, 17, (36).

63. V. A. Somov, 'Krug chteniia Peterburgskogo obshchestva v nachale 1760-kh G.o.dov (iz istorii biblioteki grafa A. S. Stroganova)', XVIII vek XVIII vek, 22 (SPb, 2002), 20034.

64. Idem, '"Kabinet dlia chteniia grafa Stroganova" (inostrannyi fond)', in Vek Prosveshcheniia, 1: Prostranstvo evropeiskoi kul'tury v epokhu Ekateriny II Vek Prosveshcheniia, 1: Prostranstvo evropeiskoi kul'tury v epokhu Ekateriny II (M, 2006), 2345. (M, 2006), 2345.

65. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 404.

66. SIRIO SIRIO, xii: 2567, Macartney to Grafton 4/15 Apr. 1766.

67. AKV AKV, x.x.xi: 3312, C. to M. L. Vorontsov, 2 Dec. 1765. Stroganov's divorce pet.i.tion, dated 2 July 1765, is at AKV AKV, x.x.xiv: 3512. On the Synod's growing interest in such matters, see G. L. Freeze, 'Bringing order to the Russian family: marriage and divorce in imperial Russia, 17601860', Journal of Modern History Journal of Modern History, 62 (1990), 70948.

68. Poroshin, 167, 22 Feb. 1765; 177, 27 Feb.; SIRIO SIRIO, xii: 257, 4/15 Apr. 1766.

69. AKV AKV, xxi: 48. Stroganov also attended C. at her coronation day banquets in 1764 and 1765: Poroshin, 14, 22 Sept. 1764; 288, 22 Sept. 1765.

70. Proschwitz, 147, C. to Gustav III, 6 May 1780; Khrapovitskii, 11, 26 June 1786.

71. Shcherbatov, 231.

72. Correspondance Correspondance, 85, Williams to C., 26 Aug. 1756; 8 Aug., C. to Williams.

73. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 3056.

74. Despatches Despatches, ii: 224 (Russian memoranda).

75. Harris Diaries, i: 227, 20 Jan. 1779.

76. Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 56.

77. Ibid., 557, C. to Poniatowski, 9 Aug. 1762.

78. SIRIO SIRIO, xii: 126, Buckinghamshire to Halifax, 22 Aug. 1763 NS; ibid., i: 266, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 20 Feb. 1765; Sochineniia Sochineniia, xii: 5.

79. See, for example, Despatches Despatches, ii: 221, Buckinghamshire to Halifax, 10 Feb. 1763 NS.

80. Poroshin, 2456, 5 Aug. 1765. For a similar observatory at the Winter Palace, ibid., 3056, 9 Oct. 1765.

81. R. P. Bartlett, Human Capital: The settlement of foreigners in Russia, 17621804 Human Capital: The settlement of foreigners in Russia, 17621804 (Cambridge, 1979), 423 (C.'s initiative), 47, 668, 914, 99102. (Cambridge, 1979), 423 (C.'s initiative), 47, 668, 914, 99102.

82. Quoted in Alexander, 98.

83. KfZh KfZh (1766), 1718. (1766), 1718.

84. Poroshin, 56, 16 Oct. 1764, pa.s.sim pa.s.sim.

85. I. Petrovskaia, V. Somina, Teatral'nyi Peterburg: Nachalo XVIII veka-Oktiabr' 1917 G.o.da Teatral'nyi Peterburg: Nachalo XVIII veka-Oktiabr' 1917 G.o.da (SPb, 1994), 5364. (SPb, 1994), 5364.

86. Poroshin, 56, 16 Oct. 1764 and pa.s.sim pa.s.sim.

87. Poroshin, 102, 25 Nov. 1764.

88. Shtelin, Muzyka Muzyka, 222, para. 65; J. T. Alexander, 'Catherine the Great and the Theatre', in Russian Society and Culture and the Long Eighteenth Century: Essays in Honour of Anthony Cross Russian Society and Culture and the Long Eighteenth Century: Essays in Honour of Anthony Cross, eds. R. Bartlett and L. Hughes (Munster, 2004), 121.

89. Shtelin, Muzyka Muzyka, 2189, para. 63; MP MP, i: 228; Poroshin, 347, 26 Nov. 1765.

90. On the proliferation of such spectacles, see H. Watanabe O'Kelly, Triumphall Shews: Tournaments at German-speaking Courts in their European Context, 15601730 Triumphall Shews: Tournaments at German-speaking Courts in their European Context, 15601730 (Berlin, 1992). (Berlin, 1992).

91. Poroshin, 157, 12 Jan. 1765; 225, 11 July.

92. E. S. Shchukina, Dva veka russkoi medali Dva veka russkoi medali (M, 2000), 76; Alekseeva, (M, 2000), 76; Alekseeva, Mikhailo Makhaev Mikhailo Makhaev, 2213.

93. A. Cross, 'Professor Thomas Newberry's Letter from St Petersburg, 1766, on the Grand Carousel and Other Matters', SEER SEER, 76 (1998), 4902. On the literary context of the carousel, V. Proskurina, Mify imperii: Literatura i vlast' v epokhu Ekateriny II Mify imperii: Literatura i vlast' v epokhu Ekateriny II (M, 2006), 1119. (M, 2006), 1119.

94. Pis'ma Saltykovu, Pis'ma Saltykovu, 47, 1 July 1766; Tooke, ii: 79. 47, 1 July 1766; Tooke, ii: 79.

95. Poroshin, 18, 27 Sept. 1764; Alexander, 'Catherine the Great and the Theatre', 1212.

96. PSZ PSZ, xvi: 11, 631, 3 Aug. 1762.

97. N. D. Chechulin, Ocherki po istorii russkikh finansov v tsarstvovanie Ekateriny II Ocherki po istorii russkikh finansov v tsarstvovanie Ekateriny II (SPb, 1906), 2813 (283). (SPb, 1906), 2813 (283).

98. Beales, Joseph II Joseph II, 1578.

99. For detailed references to this section, see my 'Religious Ritual at the Eighteenth-Century Russian Court', in Monarchy and Religion Monarchy and Religion, ed. M. Schaich, 21748.

100. Poroshin, 6 Jan. 1765; 9, 12 Jan. (illness); 371, 6 Jan. 1766.

101. P. Klimov, ed., Religioznyi Peterburg Religioznyi Peterburg (SPb, 2004), 7387; Dixon, 'Religious Ritual', 2267. (SPb, 2004), 7387; Dixon, 'Religious Ritual', 2267.

102. Poroshin, 336, 13 Nov. 1765; Shtelin, Muzyka Muzyka, 55, 578, paras 67.

103. Bil'basov, ii: 1568; Wortman, Scenarios Scenarios, 1201; K. A. Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon of Moscow (Petr Levshin, 17371812) Metropolitan Platon of Moscow (Petr Levshin, 17371812) (Newtonville MA, 1983), 89. (Newtonville MA, 1983), 89.

104. Bil'basov, ii: 1657; KfZh KfZh (1763), 86107, 'Pokhodnyi zhurnal puteshestviia Eia Imperatorskago Velichestva v Rostov'. (1763), 86107, 'Pokhodnyi zhurnal puteshestviia Eia Imperatorskago Velichestva v Rostov'.

105. N. I. Zav'ialova, 'Usad'ba Taininskoe: Istoriia Dvortsovaia ostrova i nekotorye problemy ego sokhraneniia', Russkaia usad'ba Russkaia usad'ba, 7 (2001), 30623, photo at p. 315.

106. SIRIO SIRIO, vii: 287, C. to Panin, 22 May 1763.

107. Ibid., 288, same to same, May 1763; J. Hartley, 'Philanthropy in the Reign of Catherine the Great', in Bartlett and Hartley, eds., Russia in the Age of the Enlightenment Russia in the Age of the Enlightenment, 176.

108. SIRIO SIRIO, vii: 288, C. to Panin, undated.

109. KfZh KfZh (1763), 1723; Klimov, ed., (1763), 1723; Klimov, ed., Religioznyi Peterburg Religioznyi Peterburg, 745.

110. Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon Metropolitan Platon, 13, quoting Poroshin.

111. P. Bushkovitch, 'The Clergy at the Russian Court, 16891796', in Monarchy and Religion Monarchy and Religion, ed. Schaich, 124, quoting Poroshin.

112. Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon Metropolitan Platon, 1011. The examination was on 12 Sept. following a private 'rehearsal' four days earlier.

113. Richardson, 225.

114. See E. Kimerling Wirtschafter, '20 September 1765: Tsesarevich Paul's Eleventh Birthday and Father Platon's "Sermon on Learning"', in Days from the Reigns Days from the Reigns, ed. Cross, ii: 16371.

115. Best, D17844, 1 Aug. 1772 NS.

116. Quoted in G. MacDonogh, Frederick the Great Frederick the Great (London, 1999), 116. (London, 1999), 116.

117. SIRIO SIRIO, i: 272, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 17 May 1765.

118. Best. D13032, C. to Voltaire, 28 Nov. 1765; Wilson, Diderot Diderot, 4667.

119. Best. D13433, C. to Voltaire, 9 July 1766; Madariaga, Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia (London, 1998), 21535. (London, 1998), 21535.

120. Quoted in W. Sunderland, Taming the Wild Field: Colonization and Empire on the Russian Steppe Taming the Wild Field: Colonization and Empire on the Russian Steppe (Ithaca, NY, 2004), 7980. (Ithaca, NY, 2004), 7980.

121. R. Bartlett, 'The Free Economic Society: The Foundation Years and the Prize Essay Compet.i.tion of 1766 on Peasant Property', in Russland zur Zeit Katharinas II: Absolutismus, Aufklarung, Pragmatismus Russland zur Zeit Katharinas II: Absolutismus, Aufklarung, Pragmatismus, eds. E. Hubner, J. Kusber, P. Nitsche (Cologne, 1998), 1813, 186, 197. The extent of Voltaire's involvement is revealed by V. A. Somov, 'Dva otveta Vol'tera na peterburgskom konkurse o krest'ianskoi sobstvennosti', in Evropeiskoe Prosveshchenie i tsivilizatsiia Rossii Evropeiskoe Prosveshchenie i tsivilizatsiia Rossii, ed. S. Ia. Karp (M, 2004), 15065.

122. Ransel, Mothers of Misery Mothers of Misery, 45.

123. Shcherbatov, 251, 253.

124. SIRIO SIRIO i: 268, C. to Geoffrin, 28 Mar. 1765. i: 268, C. to Geoffrin, 28 Mar. 1765.

Chapter 7.

1. SIRIO SIRIO, clxi: 73, Bausset to Praslin, 9 May 1766; 73, Rossignol to Louis XV, 13 May; 83, Bausset to Choiseul, 27 May.

2. Bentham, ii: 124, J. Bentham to S. Bentham, 3 June 1778.

3. Quoted in Madariaga, 151.

4. SIRIO, SIRIO, i: 2689, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 28 Mar. 1765. i: 2689, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 28 Mar. 1765.

5. Dimsdale, '20 October 1768', in Days from the Reigns Days from the Reigns, ed. Cross, ii: 1856.

6. Doc.u.ments of Catherine the Great: The Correspondence with Voltaire and the Doc.u.ments of Catherine the Great: The Correspondence with Voltaire and the Instruction Instruction of 1767 in the English text of 1768 of 1767 in the English text of 1768, ed. W. F. Reddaway (Cambridge, 1931), 284, art. 457.

7. On the elections, see Madariaga, 1409.

8. Best. D14091, C. to Voltaire, 26 Mar. 1767.