9.

The essay is in The Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters of George Orwell, Volume 4 (Harcourt, Brace, 1968), pp. 127140.

10.

G.A. Cohen, "Deeper into Bulls.h.i.t," Chapter 8 in this volume, p. 118.

11.

See Frankfurt's "Reply to G.A. Cohen," in Contours of Agency, pp. 34044.

12.

Thanks to my colleague Erich Freiberger, who got me started on this topic, and my wife Tonia Cook Kimbrough, who improved an earlier draft and, in general, calls bulls.h.i.t whenever I have it coming.

13.

Oprah Winfrey, January 11th, 2006, during a CNN broadcast of the Larry King Show.

14.

The Oprah Winfrey Show, January 26th, 2006.

15.

The difference between what Frankfurt cites as Wittgenstein's reaction to suspected bulls.h.i.t, with what I will claim is Moore's, is instructive.

16.

The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell (London: Allen and Unwin, Volume 1, 1967), p. 61.

17.

Sowing: An Autobiography of the Years 18801904 (London: Hogarth, 1960), pp. 110131.

18.

Keynes, Two Memoirs (New York: Hart-Davis, 1949), p. 85

19.

"Hedonism," in Tom Regan, ed., The Elements of Ethics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), p. 41

20.

"My Early Beliefs," in Two Memoirs (pp. 88100). But Woolf takes exception to some aspects of Keynes's recollections. D.H. Lawrence, mentioned in the pa.s.sage, had met the young men at Cambridge at the turn of the century and was violently disgusted by what he thought was their lack of reverence, an interesting connection, conceptually, to the topic here.

21.

Moore's "A Defence of Common Sense" was originally published in 1925 in J.H. Muirhead, ed., Contemporary British Philosophy (London: Allen and Unwin).

22.

On Bulls.h.i.t, pp. 6061.

23.

Frankfurt was interviewed on WBUR's "On Point" (17th February, 2005).

24.

A useful introduction to the ID movement and its critics is Robert T. Pennock, ed., Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics (Cambridge, Ma.s.sachusetts: MIT Press, 2001).

25.

Philip Johnson, Darwin on Trial (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1991). For writings on "complexity" and related concepts in ID theory, see those by either Michael Behe or William Dembski (readily accessible on the internet).

26.

Philip Johnson, "Is G.o.d Unconst.i.tutional? The Established Religious Philosophy of America," 1996 (www.arn.org/authors/johnson_articles.html).

27.

Memorandum Opinion, December 20th, 2005, District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, Doc.u.ment number 342, p. 43.

28.

Rudolf Carnap, "Foundations of Logic and Mathematics," International Encyclopedia of Unified Science 1: 3 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939), p. 4.