[652] Ed. by Max Grunert (Leyden, 1900).

[653] Vol. i ed. by C. Brockelmann (Weimar and Stra.s.sburg, 1898-1908).

[654] The epithet _ja?i?_ means 'goggle-eyed.'

[655] See p. 267.

[656] Ibn Khallikan, De Slane's translation, vol. ii, p. 250.

[657] One of these, the eleventh of the complete work, has been edited by Ahlwardt: _Anonyme Arabische Chronik_ (Greifswald, 1883). It covers part of the reign of the Umayyad Caliph, 'Abdu 'l-Malik (685-705 A.D.).

[658] The French t.i.tle is _Les Prairies d'Or_. Brockelmann, in his shorter _Hist. of Arabic Literature_ (Leipzig, 1901), p. 110, states that the correct translation of _Muruju 'l-Dhahab_ is 'Goldwaschen.'

[659] Concerning ?abari and his work the reader should consult De Goeje's Introduction (published in the supplementary volume containing the Glossary) to the Leyden edition, and his excellent article on ?abari and early Arab Historians in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_.

[660] Abu 'l-Ma?asin, ed. by Juynboll, vol. i, p. 608.

[661] _Selection from the Annals of Tabari_, ed. by M. J. de Goeje (Leyden, 1902), p. xi.

[662] De Goeje's Introduction to ?abari, p. xxvii.

[663] Al-Bal'ami, the Vizier of Man?ur I, the Samanid, made in 963 A.D. a Persian epitome of which a French translation by Dubeux and Zotenberg was published in 1867-1874.

[664] _Muruju 'l-Dhahab_, ed. by Barbier de Meynard, vol. i, p. 5 seq.

[665] The _Akhbaru 'l-Zaman_ in thirty volumes (one volume is extant at Vienna) and the _Kitab al-Awsa?_.

[666] _Muruju 'l-Dhahab_, p. 9 seq.

[667] It may be noted as a coincidence that Ibn Khaldun calls Mas'udi _imaman lil-mu'arrikhin_, "an Imam for all the historians," which resembles, though it does not exactly correspond to, "the Father of History."

[668] Mas'udi gives a summary of the contents of his historical and religious works in the Preface to the _Tanbih wa-'l-Ishraf_, ed. by De Goeje, p. 2 sqq. A translation of this pa.s.sage by De Sacy will be found in Barbier de Meynard's edition of the _Muruju 'l-Dhahab_, vol. ix, p.

302 sqq.

[669] See _Muruj_, vol. i, p. 201, and vol. iii, p. 268.

[670] _Ibid._, vol. ii, p. 372 sqq.

[671] De Sacy renders the t.i.tle by 'Le Livre de l'Indication et de l'Admonition ou l'Indicateur et le Moniteur'; but see De Goeje's edition of the text (Leyden, 1894), p. xxvii.

[672] The full t.i.tle is _Kitabu 'l-Kamil fi 'l-Ta'rikh_, or 'The Perfect Book of Chronicles.' It has been edited by Tornberg in fourteen volumes (Leyden, 1851-1876).

[673] Ibn Khallikan, De Slane's translation, vol. ii, p. 289.

[674] An excellent account of the Arab geographers is given by Guy Le Strange in the Introduction to his _Palestine under the Moslems_ (London, 1890). De Goeje has edited the works of Ibn Khurdadbih, I??akhri, Ibn ?awqal, and Muqaddasi in the _Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum_ (Leyden, 1870, &c.)

[675] De Slane's translation, vol. iv, p. 9 sqq.

[676] P. 243.

[677] The translators employed by the Banu Musa were paid at the rate of about 500 dinars a month (_ibid._, p. 43, l. 18 sqq.).

[678] _Ibid._, p. 271; Ibn Khallikan, De Slane's translation, vol. iii, p. 315.

[679] A chapter at least would be required in order to set forth adequately the chief material and intellectual benefits which European civilisation has derived from the Arabs. The reader may consult Von Kremer's _Culturgeschichte des Orients_, vol. ii, chapters 7 and 9; Diercks, _Die Araber im Mittelalter_ (Leipzig, 1882); Sedillot, _Histoire generale des Arabes_; Schack, _Poesie und Kunst der Araber in Spanien und Sicilien_; Munk, _Melanges de Philosophie Juive et Arabe_; De Lacy O'Leary, _Arabic Thought and its Place in History_ (1922); and Campbell, _Arabian Medicine and its Influence on the Middle Ages_ (1926). A volume ent.i.tled _The Legacy of the Islamic World_, ed. by Sir T. W. Arnold and Professor A. Guillaume, is in course of publication.

[680] Ibn Khallikan, De Slane's translation, vol. i, p. 440.

[681] _The Chronology of Ancient Nations_ (London, 1879) and Alberuni's _India_ (London, 1888).

[682] P. 384 sqq.

[683] The pa.s.sages concerning the ?abians were edited and translated, with copious annotations, by Chwolsohn in his _Ssabier und Ssabismus_ (St. Petersburg, 1856), vol. ii, p. 1-365, while Flugel made similar use of the Manichaean portion in _Mani, seine Lehre und seine Schriften_ (Leipzig, 1862).

[684] Wellhausen, _Das Arabische Reich_, p. 350 seq.

[685] See Goldziher, _Muhamm. Studien_, Part II, p. 53 sqq.

[686] _Ibid._, p. 70 seq.

[687] _Fragmenta Historicorum Arabicorum_, ed. by De Goeje and De Jong, p. 298.

[688] There are, of course, some partial exceptions to this rule, _e.g._, Mahdi and Harun al-Rashid.

[689] See p. 163, note.

[690] Several freethinkers of this period attempted to rival the Koran with their own compositions. See Goldziher, _Muhamm. Studien_, Part II, p. 401 seq.

[691] _Al-Nujum al-Zahira_, ed. by Juynboll, vol. i, p. 639.

[692] This is the literal translation of _Ikhwanu 'l-Safa_, but according to Arabic idiom 'brother of purity' (_akhu 'l-?afa_) simply means 'one who is pure or sincere,' as has been shown by Goldziher, _Muhamm. Studien_, Part I, p. 9, note. The term does not imply any sort of brotherhood.

[693] Ibnu 'l-Qif?i, _Ta' rikhu 'l-?ukama_ (ed. by Lippert), p.

83, l. 17 sqq.

[694] _Notice sur un ma.n.u.scrit de la secte des a.s.sa.s.sins_, by P.

Casanova in the _Journal Asiatique_ for 1898, p 151 sqq.

[695] De Goeje, _Memoire sur les Carmathes_, p. 172.

[696] _?ali? b. 'Abd al-Quddus und das Zindi?thum wahrend der Regierung des Chalifen al-Mahdi in Transactions of the Ninth Congress of Orientalists_, vol. ii, p. 105 seq.

[697] ?abari, iii, 522, 1.

[698] _I.e._ the sacred books of the Manichaeans, which were often splendidly illuminated. See Von Kremer, _Culturgesch. Streifzuge_, p.

39.

[699] _Cf._ ?abari, iii, 499, 8 sqq.