[426] See Von Kremer, _Herrschende Ideen_, p. 52 sqq.; Goldziher, _Materialien zur Entwickelungsgesch. des Sufismus_ (_Vienna Oriental Journal_, vol. 13, p. 35 sqq.).

[427] Sha'rani, _Lawaqi?_, p. 38.

[428] Qushayri's _Risala_ (1287 A.H.), p. 77, l. 10.

[429] _Tadhkiratu 'l-Awliya_ of Faridu'ddin 'A??ar, Part I, p. 37, l. 8 of my edition.

[430] _Kamil_ (ed. by Wright), p. 57, l. 16.

[431] The point of this metaphor lies in the fact that Arab horses were put on short commons during the period of training, which usually began forty days before the race.

[432] _Kamil_, p. 57, last line.

[433] _Kamil_, p. 58, l. 14.

[434] _Ibid._, p. 67, l. 9.

[435] _Ibid._, p. 91, l. 14.

[436] _Ibid._, p. 120, l. 4.

[437] Qushayri's _Risala_, p. 63, last line.

[438] It is noteworthy that Qushayri ( 1073 A.D.), one of the oldest authorities on ?ufiism, does not include ?asan among the ?ufi Shaykhs whose biographies are given in the _Risala_ (pp. 8-35), and hardly mentions him above half a dozen times in the course of his work.

The sayings of ?asan which he cites are of the same character as those preserved in the _Kamil_.

[439] See Noldeke's article, _'?ufi_,' in _Z.D.M.G._, vol. 48, p. 45.

[440] An allusion to _safa_ occurs in thirteen out of the seventy definitions of ?ufi and ?ufiism (_Ta?awwuf_) which are contained in the _Tadhkiratu 'l-Awliya_, or 'Memoirs of the Saints,' of the well-known Persian mystic, Faridu'ddin 'A??ar ( _circa_ 1230 A.D.), whereas _?uf_ is mentioned only twice.

[441] Said by Bishr al-?afi (the bare-footed), who died in 841-842 A.D.

[442] Said by Junayd of Baghdad ( 909-910 A.D.), one of the most celebrated ?ufi Shaykhs.

[443] Ibn Khaldun's _Muqaddima_ (Beyrout, 1900), p. 467 = vol. iii, p.

85 seq. of the French translation by De Slane. The same things are said at greater length by Suhrawardi in his _'Awarifu 'l-Ma'arif_ (printed on the margin of Ghazali's _I?ya_, Cairo, 1289 A.H.), vol. i, p. 172 _et seqq._ _Cf._ also the pa.s.sage from Qushayri translated by Professor E.

G. Browne on pp. 297-298 of vol. i. of his _Literary History of Persia_.

[444] Suhrawardi, _loc. cit._, p. 136 seq.

[445] _Loc. cit._, p. 145.

[446] _I.e._, he yields himself unreservedly to the spiritual 'states'

(_a?wal_) which pa.s.s over him, according as G.o.d wills.

[447] Possibly Ibrahim was one of the _Shikaftiyya_ or 'Cave-dwellers'

of Khurasan (_shikaft_ means 'cave' in Persian), whom the people of Syria called _al-Ju'iyya_, _i.e._, 'the Fasters.' See Suhrawardi, _loc.

cit._, p. 171.

[448] Ghazali, _I?ya_ (Cairo, 1289 A.H.), vol. iv, p. 298.

[449] Brockelmann, _Gesch. d. Arab. Litteratur_, vol. i, p. 45.

[450] _E.g._, Ma'bad, Ghari?, Ibn Surayj, ?uways, and Ibn 'a'isha.

[451] _Kamil_ of Mubarrad, p. 570 sqq.

[452] _Aghani_, i, 43, l. 15 sqq.; Noldeke's _Delectus_, p. 17, last line and foll.

[453] Noldeke's _Delectus_, p. 9, l. 11 sqq., omitting l. 13.

[454] An edition of the _Naqa'i?_ by Professor A. A. Bevan has been published at Leyden.

[455] _Aghani_, vii, 55, l. 12 sqq.

[456] _Aghani_, vii, 182, l. 23 sqq.

[457] _Ibid._, vii, 183, l. 6 sqq.

[458] _Ibid._, p. 178, l. 1 seq.

[459] _Ibid._, xiii, 148, l. 23.

[460] _Encomium Omayadarum_, ed. by Houtsma (Leyden, 1878).

[461] _Aghani_, vii, 172, l. 27 sqq.

[462] _Ibid._, p. 179, l. 25 sqq.

[463] _Ibid._, p. 178, l. 26 seq.

[464] _Aghani_, xix, 34, l. 18.

[465] _Kamil_ of Mubarrad, p. 70, l. 17 sqq.

[466] Al-Kusa'i broke an excellent bow which he had made for himself.

See _The a.s.semblies of ?ariri_, trans. by Chenery, p. 351. Professor Bevan remarks that this half-verse is an almost verbal citation from a verse ascribed to 'Adi b. Marina of ?ira, an enemy of 'Adi b. Zayd the poet (_Aghani_, ii, 24, l. 5).

[467] Ibn Khallikan (ed. by Wustenfeld), No. 129; De Slane's translation vol. i, p. 298.

[468] _Aghani_, iii, 23, l. 13.

[469] _Aghani_, vii, 49, l. 8 sqq.

[470] The following account is mainly derived from Goldziher's _Muhamm.

Studien_, Part II, p. 203 sqq.

[471] _Cf._ Browne's _Lit. Hist. of Persia_, vol. i, p. 230.