[332] _Ibid._, p. 347.

[333] L. Caetani, _Annali dell' Islam_, vol. i, p. 389.

[334] Noldeke, _Geschichte des Qorans_, p. 122.

[335] Translated by E. H. Palmer.

[336] Ibn Hisham, p. 341, l. 5.

[337] _Mu?ammad's Gemeindeordnung von Medina in Skizzen und Vorarbeiten_, Heft IV, p. 67 sqq.

[338] Ibn Hisham, p. 763, l. 12.

[339] Koran, ii, 256, translated by E. H. Palmer.

[340] _Muhamm. Studien_, Part I, p. 12.

[341] See Goldziher's introductory chapter ent.i.tled _Muruwwa und Din_ (_ibid._, pp. 1-39).

[342] Bay?awi on Koran, xxii, 11.

[343] _Die Berufung Mohammed's_, by M. J. de Goeje in _Noldeke-Festschrift_ (Giessen, 1906), vol. i, p. 5.

[344] _On the _Origin and Import of the Names Muslim and ?anif_ (_J.R.A.S._ for 1903, p. 491)

[345] See T. W. Arnold's _The Preaching of Islam_, p. 23 seq., where several pa.s.sages of like import are collected.

[346] Noldeke, _Sketches from Eastern History_, translated by J. S.

Black, p. 73.

[347] See Professor Browne's _Literary History of Persia_, vol. i, p.

200 sqq.

[348] ?abari, i, 2729, l. 15 sqq.

[349] _Ibid._, i, 2736, l. 5 sqq. The words in italics are quoted from Koran, xxviii, 26, where they are applied to Moses.

[350] 'Umar was the first to a.s.sume this t.i.tle (_Amiru 'l-Mu'minin_), by which the Caliphs after him were generally addressed.

[351] ?abari, i, 2738, 7 sqq.

[352] _Ibid._, i, 2739, 4 sqq.

[353] _Ibid._, i, 2737, 4 sqq.

[354] It is explained that 'Umar prohibited lamps because rats used to take the lighted wick and set fire to the house-roofs, which at that time were made of palm-branches.

[355] ?abari, i, 2742, 13 sqq.

[356] _Ibid._, i, 2745, 15 sqq.

[357] _Ibid._, i, 2747, 7 sqq.

[358] _Ibid._, i, 2740, last line and foll.

[359] _Al-Fakhri_, ed. by Derenbourg, p. 116, l. 1 to p. 117, l. 3.

[360] ?abari, i, 2751, 9 sqq.

[361] Ibn Khallikan (ed. by Wustenfeld), No. 68, p. 96, l. 3; De Slane's translation, vol. i, p. 152.

[362] Mu'awiya himself said: "I am the first of the kings" (Ya'qubi, ed.

by Houtsma, vol. ii, p. 276, l. 14).

[363] _Al-Fakhri_, ed. by Derenbourg, p. 145.

[364] Ya'qubi, vol. ii, p. 283, l. 8 seq.

[365] Mas'udi, _Muruju 'l-Dhahab_ (ed. by Barbier de Meynard), vol. v.

p. 77.

[366] Noldeke's _Delectus_, p. 25, l. 3 sqq., omitting l. 8.

[367] The _Continuatio_ of Isidore of Hispalis, -- 27, quoted by Wellhausen, _Das Arabische Reich und sein Sturz_, p. 105.

[368] ?amasa, 226. The word translated 'throne' is in Arabic _minbar_, _i.e._, the pulpit from which the Caliph conducted the public prayers and addressed the congregation.

[369] Kalb was properly one of the Northern tribes (see Robertson Smith's _Kinship and Marriage_, 2nd ed., p. 8 seq.--a reference which I owe to Professor Bevan), but there is evidence that the Kalbites were regarded as 'Yemenite' or 'Southern' Arabs at an early period of Islam.

_Cf._ Goldziher, _Muhammedanische Studien_, Part I, p. 83, l. 3 sqq.

[370] _Muhammedanische Studien_, i, 78 sqq.

[371] Qa??an is the legendary ancestor of the Southern Arabs.

[372] _Aghani_, xiii, 51, cited by Goldziher, _ibid._, p. 82.

[373] A verse of the poet Su?aym b. Wathil.

[374] The _Kamil_ of al-Mubarrad, ed. by W. Wright, p. 215, l. 14 sqq.

[375] Ibn Qutayba, _Kitabu 'l-Ma'arif_, p. 202.

[376] _Al-Fakhri_, p. 173; Ibnu 'l-Athir, ed. by Tornberg, v, 5.

[377] _Ibid._, p. 174. _Cf._ Mas'udi, _Muruju 'l-Dhahab_, v, 412.

[378] His mother, Umm 'a?im, was a granddaughter of 'Umar I.