ARTICLE 7

The Commonwealth has jurisdiction over:

1. Civil law;

2. Criminal law;

3. Judicial procedure, including penal administration, and official cooperation between the administrative authorities;

4. Pa.s.sports and the supervision of aliens;

5. Poor relief and vagrancy;

6. The press, a.s.sociations and public meetings;

7. Problems of population; protection of maternity, infancy, childhood and adolescence;

8. Public health, veterinary practice, protection of plants from disease and pests;

9. The rights of labor, social insurance, the protection of wage-earners and other employees, and employment bureaus;

10. The establishment of national organizations for vocational representation;

11. Provision for war-veterans and their surviving dependents;

12. The law of expropriation;

13. The socialization of natural resources and business enterprises, as well as the production, fabrication, distribution, and price-fixing of economic goods for the use of the community;

14. Trade, weights and measures, the issue of paper money, banking, and stock and produce exchanges;

15. Commerce in foodstuffs and in other necessaries of daily life, and in luxuries;

16. Industry and mining;

17. Insurance;

18. Ocean navigation, and deep-sea and coast fisheries;

19. Railroads, internal navigation, communication by power-driven vehicles on land, on sea, and in the air; the construction of highways, in so far as pertains to general intercommunication and the national defense;

20. Theaters and cinematographs.

ARTICLE 8

The Commonwealth also has jurisdiction over taxation and other sources of income, in so far as they may be claimed in whole or in part for its purposes. If the Commonwealth claims any source of revenue which formerly belonged to the States, it must have consideration for the financial requirements of the States.

ARTICLE 9

Whenever it is necessary to establish uniform rules, the Commonwealth has jurisdiction over:

1. The promotion of social welfare;

2. The protection of public order and safety.

ARTICLE 10

The Commonwealth may prescribe by law fundamental principles concerning:

1. The rights and duties of religious a.s.sociations;

2. Education, including higher education and libraries for scientific use;

3. The law of officers of all public bodies;

4. The land law, the distribution of land, settlements and homesteads, restrictions on landed property, housing, and the distribution of population;

5. Disposal of the dead.

ARTICLE 11

The Commonwealth may prescribe by law fundamental principles concerning the validity and mode of collection of State taxes, in order to prevent:

1. Injury to the revenues or to the trade relations of the Commonwealth;

2. Double taxation;

3. The imposition of excessive burdens, or burdens in restraint of trade on the use of the means and agencies of public communication;

4. Tax discriminations against the products of other States in favor of domestic products in interstate and local commerce; or

5. Export bounties;

or in order to protect important social interests.

ARTICLE 12

So long and in so far as the Commonwealth does not exercise its jurisdiction, such jurisdiction remains with the States. This does not apply in cases where the Commonwealth possesses exclusive jurisdiction.

The National Cabinet may object to State laws relating to the subjects of Article 7, Number 13, whenever the general welfare of the Commonwealth is affected thereby.

ARTICLE 13