1085. Death of Pope Gregory VII.

1092. Revolt of Konrad, son of Henry IV.

1095. The first Crusade.

1099. Jerusalem taken by G.o.dfrey of Bouillon.

1105. Rebellion of Henry, son of Henry IV.

1106--1125. Henry V.

1111. He imprisons Pope Paschalis II.

1113. Defeat of the Saxons.

1115. He is defeated by the Saxons.

1118. Orders of knighthood founded.

1122. The Concordat of Worms.

1125. Rise of the Hohenstaufens.

1125--1137. Lothar of Saxony, Emperor.

1134. The North-mark given to Albert the Bear.

1138. Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony.

=The Hohenstaufen Emperors.=

1138--1152. King Konrad III.; Guelphs and Ghibellines.

1142. Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony.

1142. Albert the Bear, Margrave of Brandenburg.

1147. The second Crusade.

1152--1190. Frederick I., Barbarossa.

1163. Union of the Lombard cities.

1176. Barbarossa's defeat at Legnano.

1177. Reconciliation with the Pope at Venice.

1179. Otto of Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria.

1181. Henry the Lion banished.

1183. The Peace of Constance.

1190. The third Crusade; death of Barbarossa; foundation of the German Order.

1190--1197. Henry VI. (receives also Naples and Sicily).

1192. Richard of the Lion-Heart imprisoned.

1195. Death of Henry the Lion.

1197--1208. Philip of Suabia; Otto IV. of Brunswick rival Emperor; civil wars.

1208. Murder of Philip of Suabia.

1212. Frederick II., Hohenstaufen, comes to Germany.

1215--1250. Frederick II.'s reign.

1226. The German Order occupies Prussia.

1227. Frederick II. excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX.

1228. The fifth Crusade, led by Frederick II.

1235. Rebellion of Frederick's son, Henry.

1237. Frederick II.'s victory at Cortenuovo.

1245. Pope Innocent IV. excommunicates the Emperor.

1247. Death of Henry Raspe, Anti-Emperor.

1250. Foundation of the Hanseatic League.

1250--1254. Konrad IV.

1254. Union of cities of the Rhine.

1256. Death of William of Holland, Anti-Emperor.

1266. Battle of Benevento; death of King Manfred.

1268. Konradin's march to Italy, defeat, and execution.

THIRD PERIOD. (1254--1517.)

=Emperors of Various Houses.=